2006-10-27 11:41
The Direct Method
Developed in the late 19th century
Hermann Paul – formed the main linguistic base of the Direct Method
W. M. Wundt – founded the psychological foundation for the Direct Method
F. Gouin (1831-16) – developed the teaching method based on Direct Method
M. D. Berlitz (1852-1921) – established Berlitz School us Berlitz Method which was one school of the Direct Method
Richards and Rodgers – summarized Berlitz’s Method
The Oral Approach
Developed in 1920s-1930s Harold Palmer A. S. Hornby
The Audiolingual Method
Developed during WWII, used for military purposes, Charles Fries – structural linguistics Bloomfield – structural linguistics
The cognitive approach
Increasing attention on cognitive psychology during 1960s-1970s Noam Chomsky p120
The natural approach Proposed in 1977, by Tracy Terrell
Stephen Krashen
The communicative approach Developed in the 1970s in Europe Wilkins – writer of “notional syllabus”
Halliday – social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of 3 factors: the field, tenor and mode of discourse. P179
Hymes – “communicative competence” refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language on order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom
Widdowson – he focused on the communicative acts underlying the ability to use language for different purposes
Canale and Swain – 4 dimensions: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competence,.
Richards and Rodgers
Total Physical Response – James Asher Silent way – Caleb Cattegno
Community Language learning – Charles A. Curren Suggestopaedia – G. Lozanov
