TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
Answers for reference:
A. 1. As the saying goes, “As you sow, so will you reap”, which means whatever a man sows he will reap. The writer intends to convince the reader that making New Year's resolutions also follows this maxim. The more resolutions you make at the beginning of the year, the better results you will have.
2. He had read a number of books on selfimprovement before he made his resolutions. He wrote out a long list of resolutions. He wanted to make a different man of himself — a loving father and an ideal husband—by trying to attend to everyone's needs.
3. Having written a long list of resolutions, he longed to put them into practice, thinking that they would be a great success.
4. Judging from the information given in the text, he was a serious and strict father to the children. He did not like to be bothered with questions. He never treated them as his equals. He showed no interest in their friends nor in what they were doing. Having a quick temper, he got excited easily and often yelled at them. He did not allow any mischievous behaviour to go on at home. He was one of those husbands who did not like to lift a finger to help his wife and do household chores. What he did in his free time was enjoy himself thoroughly. He had a good time at parties and liked to stay out late even if this meant he had a headache the next day. At home, what he did most of the time was either watch a footfall match or read the newspaper.
5. He tried to be considerate and helpful, but failed. All his efforts to be a good busband went contrary to his expectations. The whole family was thrown into disorder and confusion. His wife was annoyed by his good manners and smart remarks, thinking they were affected and that he was being sarcastio on purpose. She attributed his cheerfulness, good temper and thoughtfulness to not feeling his best after staying out late.
6. He wanted to do better but did not know how to do it appropriately. On New Year's Day, he was in a particularly cheerful and good mood, eager to render any service to his wife and children. He did everything of his own accord. He was considerate to his wife to the minutest detail and he graciously condescended to play jacks with Gretchen, build a snowman for the boys and strike up a conversation with Kit. But the result in every case proved to be just the opposite to what he had expected. The writer behaved like a changed man. What he did was suddenly totally different from what he used to do, so his family was unprepared for this change. That's why, to them, his behaviour was too good to be true—his temper was too good to be believed, and his thoughtfulness was too great to be natural.
7. It means:“The whole family are happy to see that your have come to be your usual self again and you are behaving naturally. At last everything will go back to normal.” B. Reference version:
1. Quite obviously, anyone who was determined to be guided by the rules of selfimprovement I collected would be happy and have a richer life, infinite affection from his family and the love and respect of the community.
2. Show your love readily and willingly.
3. Wholehearted and genuine praise is really valuable. 4. Join your children and treat them as your equals.
5. I heard screams down the hall one after another and I found Gretchen crying.
6. The most unimportant light task may turn out to be worthwhile if it is dealt with eagerly and with interest.
7. I started to have a conversation with Kit in a friendly way and tried my best to achieve close agreement and understanding between us.
8. You never troubled yourself to chat with people in the past. Why do you want to start doing it now?
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
1. F (He knew this beforehand, but he had to go there because he felt the bank was the only place to keep his money safely.) 2. T
3. F (The manager said “Good morning” not to Mr. Montgomery, but to the writer. “Good morning” in this case is not a greeting, but a farewell, meaning “Goodbye”.) 4. F (The clerks were at first astonished, and then amused.)
5. F (He was never very rich. All he saved were some silver dollars in a sock.)
K 13TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension 1. C2. B3. A4. C5. A
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version:
It is much less common for people to carry cash in the West than it is for people to carry cash in China. Often it is not safe to have large amounts of cash on hand in the West.
Most people use cheques or credit cards to avoid carrying cash with them. Cheques are commonly used to pay rent, for utilities, and telephone bills and can also be used to make purchases while credit cards are mainly used to make purchases.
Credit cards are pieces of plastic, usually 5.5cm. by 8.5cm. They are issued by banks and stores that want people to spend more money. When purchasing something, the buyer will give his credit card to the seller. The seller will check the information on the card and record it, accept the card instead of accepting money. The seller will give the buyer a receipt and another receipt goes to the bank. The bank will then send a bill to the buyer, usually after 30 days.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ. Spelling
1. downstairs2. spontaneous3. creativity4. jovially 5. wander6. shriek7. chore8. poisonous
9. relieve10. interruption11. reckless12. wretched
Ⅱ. Dictation
The United States is becoming more and more a “cashless society”. People are making purchases by cheque, charge accounts or credit cards, rather than carrying large amounts of money in their pockets or purses.
Normally people pay by cheque at the end of each month at department stores and some food markets and drugstores. They also pay monthly by cheque for rent, telephone calls, electricity, milk, newspaper deliveries, and similar household expenses. Mary have charge cards to pay for petrol and service station expenses and credit cards for restaurant, hotel, and travel costs.
Many other people, however, prefer to payastheygo and not accumulate monthly bills. Most people work out a combination, paying some bills in cash and charging others. This is a matter of personal choice. But if you have charge accounts, be sure to pay promptly; the interest charged for late payments can be high.
K 14Ⅲ. Listening ComprehensionA. Income: ￡2000 a year Expenses
Housing: ￡50 a month for mortgage Food: ￡60 a month
Car: a large repair bill every now and then Electricity: ￡16 a year Gas: ￡70 a year
Books: /B. The man on the doorstep says he is doing a survey for the Department of Health and Social Security. He is actually a salesman, trying to sell The New World Children's Encyclopaedia.
Ⅳ. Translation
A. 1. Every time he returned home from work at midnight, he would tiptoe upstairs, trying not to disturb his neighbours.
2. To establish some kind of rapport with his new neighbour, Mr.Jones lost no chance in offering to carry her luggage into the house.
3. The article recommended by Dr. Miller centres on the problem of air pollution; meanwhile, it touches upon other issues such as water pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution.
4. If it had not been for the constant encouragement and help from her friends, she couldn't have accomplished anything.
5. It was only a few days ago that he was full of contempt for the new project, but he is now working hard with zest for its realization. What a baffling change!
6. Judging from what she wrote in her autobiography, she always had mixed feelings for that pianist.
7. While waiting in the lounge for the flight, he struck up a conversation with two American travellers and touched on many interesting crosscultural issues. 8. These girls all dread working alone on night duty.
9. I don't mind working overtime. What I do mind is working on those insignificant trivial things
during the weekend.
10. Actually nobody asked them to do anything on the first day of school. When they saw the classroom in such a mess, however, they cleaned it spontaneously. B. Reference version: K 15Joe had dodged the police many times, but never like this. He was afraid. He was sprawled on the rooflistening for sounds. Somewhere below people were yelling and shrieking, but he was not concerned about the commotion. He looked round, searching for any sign of a policeman. When he heard some footsteps on the corrugated iron roof, he was seized with fear. What made them chase after me, he thought. I haven't done anything. You shouldn't have sneaked up here, he said to himself.
Then he saw the shape of a policeman approaching. He did not want to give up. He still wanted to make an effort to escape. He rose to his feet quietly and tiptoed over to the far end of the roof, thinking that he could perhaps slide down the drainpipe. Just at that moment, the policeman strode forward and was about to grab the boy by the collar when, unaware of a clothesline in his way which caught his cap, he almost stumbled. Joe was startled, but he could go back no further. The policeman steadied himself and reached out for the boy.
Ⅴ． Blank Filling
A. 1. down 2. for 3. down, down4. after 5. back6. on7. in8. off
9. out10. for11. in, out12. out 13. to14. over15. up
B. (1) name(2) sell(3) things(4) exchange (5) shares(6) other(7) business(8) partial (9) then(10) company(11) kinds(12) shares (13) wealthy(14) expenses(15) hope(16) stock (17) rich(18) money(19) reasons(20) general (21) investors(22) gamble(23) investing(24) glad (25) willing(26) world
C. (1) failed(2) game(3) sketches(4) down (5) Only(6) that(7) weapon(8) comic (9) did(10) characters(11) to(12) for (13) ran(14) dropped(15) turned(16) up (17) title(18) made(19) later(20) fans (21) funny(22) being(23) put(24) reach (25) in
D. (1) was blessed with (2) boundless love
(3) encouraged creativity in the young (4) was spontaneous (5) on (6) tired of
(7) with more zest
(8) worth its weight in gold
(9) admiration of the community (10) swarmed around K 16(11) drawn by
(12) struck up a conversation with (13) established a kind of rapport (14) was about fourfifths done (15) was in a poisonous mood (16) sneak up on
(17) tenyearold
(18) would have thrown in the sponge
(19) were about to perform openheart surgery on Ⅵ. NounVerbAdjectiveAdverb1. creativitycreatecreativecreatively2. beautybeautifybeautifulbeautifully3. resolutionresolveresoluteresolutely4. moralitymoralizemoralmorally5. illustrationillustrateillustrativeillustratively6. suggestionsuggestsuggestivesuggestively7. collectioncollectcollectivecollectively8. admirationadmireadmirableadmirably9. differencedifferdifferentdifferently10. imaginationimagineimaginativeimaginatively11. harmonyharmonizeharmoniousharmoniously12. impressivenessimpressimpressiveimpressively13. distributiondistributedistributivedistributively14. explanationexplainexplanatoryexplanatorily15.
disappointmentdisappointdisappointingdisappointingly
Unit 2
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
Answers for reference:
A. 1. English has now become one of the most widely used languages in the world. In 1500, English was an insignificant language, spoken by the people living on a small island. Now it is spoken as the first language by over a quarter of a billion people and as a second language by many millions more. When people speak English, we may be able to tell which English it is—American English, Australian English, British English, Indian English and so on. Besides, for different purposes, we use different Englishes: everyday English, business English, commercial English, diplomatic English, medical English, scientific English, technical English, legal English, journalistic English and so on. We also use different degrees of formality and can differentiate between formal English, informal English, and colloquial English.
2. Style expresses the writer's individuality through his choice of words and sentence patterns, and his selection and arrangement of material. Style frequently reflects the writer's personality, mood, attitudes, education, and general background. There are different kinds of styles: homely, coarse, refined, ironic, vulgar, plain, childlike, formal, informal, wordy, colloquial, direct, grandiloquent, and so on. We choose words to suit the audience, the occasion, the topic, and the genre (e.g., short story, essay, argumentation). Certain words, exact and concrete as they are, are excluded from
formal use, because they are not appropriate for formal occasions. It would be absurd if slang terms or vulgarisms were used to address an audience at commencement, or the other way round, if a very formal style, long sentences and complex grammatical structures were used in a friendly letter. Yet if we have some idea of different styles, but don't know when to use which, this knowledge is worse than useless.
3. This is an example of a very formal expression alongside a colloquialism. Bags of fun is a slang term whereas extremely gracious is very formal language.
Here is another example of the same kind to show the inappropriateness of a formal style mixed with colloquialism. In a letter of application, you begin thus: Dear Sirs,
I am writing to you in the hope that you still have a vacant place in your department. If you hve not yet employed anyone, I should like my application for the position to be considered. ...
And you conclude with:
As to my character and fitness for the job, please rest assured that I am sure smart. In this last sentence, job may be rather too informal; employment or post would be more suitable. Smart is a colloquialism that means “mentally alert, quickwitted, and talented”. Moreover, the sentence I am sure smart is very informal and colloquial, and so it is inappropriate for the letter.
4. Good use of English requires the appropriate choice of words for the expression of thoughts. To be in “good use of English”, therefore, a word must be used appropriately in a specific set of circumstances.
K 225. Coy means “shy, diffident, bashful”. What the writer means here is:“Do away with your shyness. Decide what you want to say and say it as directly as possible in plain words. Stop deceiving people and beating about the bush. Call a spade a spade.” 6. Some examples of euphemisms:
1) a mental home (＝ an insane asylum) slow (＝ dull in mind) residence (＝ house)
a reconditioned automobile (＝ a used car) stout (＝fat)
The above words and phrases in italics are supposed to be more pleasant substitutes for those in parentheses.
2) skin tonic (＝cold cream. The term skin tonic may help the manufacturer to sell his products more easily.)
3) Goodness me！ Goodness gracious！ Thank goodness. For goodness' sake！ (It is supposed to be blasphemous to use the word God in one's speech, so goodness is used instead of God.)
4) “Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called transfer of population.” (This is quoted from George Orwell's “Politics and the English Language”. Euphemism is used here to hide some brutal, harsh, stark political realities.)
7. The writer means that in spite of the fact that he strongly objects to the use of euphemisms, some euphemisms, having considerable vigour and vitality, can still be used as far as he is concerned.
8. It shows that the writer can foresee the inevitable fate of any euphemism, i.e., that any effort to
avoid unpleasantness will end in failure, because a euphemism will quickly acquire the same “negative connotation” as the word it has replaced. There is thus no sense in using euphemisms. B. Reference version:
1. The richer life experience we have, and the more people from all walks of life we know, we will develop more extensive and flexible knowledge of different English styles and the ability to use each style appropriately when the occasion arises.
2. If we do not know when to use each style appropriately, or if we confuse one style with another inappropriately, an unsystematic and casual knowledge of styles is of no use, or even worse.
3. Neither “bags of fun” nor “extremely gracious” in its suitable context is a careless / casual expression of one's ideas.
4. It would, however, also be absurd / foolish to turn the judgment completely the other way round. K 235. Except in cases where they are used to achieve humorous effect, contemporary writers think that euphemisms are too disgusting, artificial and pretentious.
6. Supporing the argument made by using the outdated and stereotyped phrases that are often used by trade union leaders would be as easy as shooting birds that never fly away.
7. Some euphemisms are unusual enough to be funny. They are so unusual that they become quite funny.
8. Some people may also like extreme understatement.
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
1. C2. C3. A4. B5. B6. C
TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1. F (The euphemistic term for “dustmen” in the U.S. simply sounds more prosperous.) 2. T
3. F (He is put in prison, but the name for prison is “adjustment centre”.)
4. F (There are, but the term “poor people” has been replaced by the euphemism: the “underprivileged.”)
5. F (There are more euphemisms in English than in many other languages.)
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version:
Proverbs, probably as old as our civilization, form an important part of our heritage. Children can learn basic lessons from them. For example, they may learn thrift by hearing a parent or grandparent say, “Waste not, want not.” Young people tempted to be dishonest are often able to resist the temptation by recalling “Honesty is the best policy”. Or persons faced with difficult tasks will be encouraged to persevere by keeping in mind that “Little strokes fell great oaks”. And
many tense situations are improved when one person or another remembers that “A soft answer turns away wrath”, or that “Two cannot quarrel if one won't”.
K 24Proverbs are found in almost every language in the world, whether the language is written or not. In fact, where the language has not been written, proverbs are one of the principal ways the people pass down their philosophy of life from one generation to another, thus preserving their most precious heritage.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ. Spelling
1. drift2. perspective3. significantly4. Danish 5. ordinary6. variety7. desirable8. isolation
9. nineteenth10. linguist11. negotiate12. satisfactory
Ⅱ. Dictation
One day over lunch in a Chinese restaurant I heard somebody say “Take what you've got and never want more.” I called the Chinese Embassy and asked the young lady who answered exactly what that meant. Did they really have such a proverb? She replied that it was indeed an old Chinese proverb, and similar in meaning to our “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”. I told her I was so glad that we had something in common and thanked her.
It was then that I decided to find out if the rest of the world had this proverb in common with us. I had no trouble in my quest as far as the Spanish Embassy was concerned. When I asked for the Spanish version of “A bird, etc.”, the bright but highly amused young woman came up immediately with, “Better to have one in hand than a hundred flying”.
Ⅲ. Listening Comprehension
A. 1. F (Not everyone laughs at the same things. What is funny to an Italian may not be funny to a Chinese.)
2. F (The American says that the Empire State Building was built in only two months in order to boast that things can be done incredibly fast in his country.)
3. F (He sometimes laughs when we make mistakes because we sound funny.) 4. F (A wise person laughs at himself or herself when he or she makes a mistake.) 5. T
6. TⅣ. Translation
A. 1. An unknown disease affected his brain so badly that he lost his memory completely.
2. The protesting crowds outside the courthouse had no effect at all on the judges and the jury of this Pacific island country.
3. A guilty man apprehends danger in every sound.
K 254. Her soft voice and gracious smile put everyone in the room at ease.
5. Not until you have a good command of a scale of styles can you speak English appropriately in different situations.
6. His haphazard knowledge of modern economics was one of the reasons why he failed in his business.
7. The new general manager did not feel very comfortable with the way he was addressed by his
colleagues in the company.
8. No matter how hard he had tried, his efforts to improve his image in the mind of the public proved to be ineffective.
9. It was the last thing that occurred to the commander that his soldiers would defy／disobey his orders.
10. Although the composition teacher considers these expressions nothing but cliches, they appeal very much to the students. B. Reference version:
We should always bear in mind that in different circumstances we use the English language in different ways. This fact, however, is often forgotten. When we think about language, we too often think only of the more formal forms, especially the written forms. But we are not always reading and writing. We use slang, or at least colloquial forms, with friends and acquaintances. In certain social situations, we use clichés that we would probably blush to write down. We use polite speech when we speak to our elders or our superiors. We use highsounding language on important occasions. We tell jokes and make comments about things or people near or far. We talk about ordinary things or of the secrets of the universe. We express feelings to one person or to a group. We choose slightly different forms of language for each of these purposes. For a native speaker of English, his choice is partly instinctive and partly based on an awareness of the kind of language that is expected of him. A good command of English must include an acquaintance with all these “registers”.
Ⅴ. Blank Filling
A. 1. a) diedb) deathc) deadd) deathly e) deadlyf) deathlikeg) dying 2. a) judgeb) judgmentc) judges
3. a) approachingb) approachc) approached 4. a) argueb) argumentativec) argument 5. a) observingb) observantc) observations
B. (1) countries(2) translation(3) communicate(4) Translators (5) misunderstandings(6) universal(7) centuries(8) language (9) problem(10) realized(11) language(12) told (13) worked(14) more(15) in(16) on
(17) Esperanto(18) same(19) countries(20) newspapers (21) books(22) created(23) has(24) Esperanto (25) universal
K 26C. (1) D(2) B(3) C(4) C (5) D(6) B(7) A(8) B (9) A(10) D(11) B(12) D (13) A(14) C(15) D
D. (1) described as(2) just as plainly (3) equals(4) get
(5) as was often the case
(6) approached a state of collapse and coma (7) done away with
2. (1) described ... as(2) whereas
(3) no more ... than(4) more ... the less (5) tire of(6) insisting (7) just(8) nothing but
(9) was well aware(10) a slight feeling of guilt (11) as(12) address (13) acquire(14) unless (15) struck ... as
Ⅵ. Possible responses for reference:
1. Yes. Of course I will.2. Well, mm, yes, erh, perhaps not. 3. Yes. I'm afraid so.4. Oh yes, no problem.
5. I'm afraid I won't, much as I like to.6. It certainly is. 7. Indeed！ Does he?8. No. None at all. 9. I'm sorry, I didn't.10. No！ I was not.
Unit 3
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
Answers for reference：
A 1 Being a pious Christian, she had a deep respect and boundless love for God, hoping that God would bless and save her whole family. Now that there was an opportunity for the soul of her nephew to be saved, she couldn't help feeling excited. She was looking forward to the special meeting for children, unable to hide her eagerness.
2 She told him that he could see and hear and feel Jesus in his soul when he was saved. Jesus would come to him and the child would see a light and feel different inside. Being a child of twelve, he believed her and waited in great earnest for Jesus to come into his life.
3 The writer purposely describes the members of the congregation in detail — the old black women wearing plaits, and weatherbeaten old men; “weatherbeaten” indicates their rich experience of life. Since they believed in God and they said the same things about Jesus, the child didn't think it could be untrue. The writer is suggesting that the power of other people to make a person do what they believe is right is often irresistible.
4 1) It is first mentioned by the child's aunt in the second paragraph, as an idea presented by his aunt in the process of trying to convince him of the importance of being saved. 2) In the fifth onesentence paragraph the child was waiting to see Jesus.
3) It is repeated in the seventh paragraph, when the child was still waiting and longing to see Jesus.
4) It it repeated again in the eleventh paragraph, this time as an indirect accusation of hypocrisy, since Jesus didn't punish Westley for telling a lie.
5) The last time it is repeated is in the last paragraph, when it ends up in Langston's selfrevelation of and regret over his dishonesty, and it helps to express his distress about having been disillusioned.
5 He believed that many old people certainly knew better — that God would come into his life. He felt he had to wait patiently to see Jesus in spite of the heat, the crowd, and the earnest entreaties of some of the members of the congregation. As he hadn't seen Jesus, he didn't want to lie and say he had, for he was basically an honest boy. 6 The lessons he learned were：
1) He couldn't resist the power to do what a great many people thought he should. People, old and young, men and women, all believed in the existence of almighty God; he had to do what they expected of him and sit on the mourner's bench to be saved and say Jesus had come.
2) If he didn't want to hold everything up, and if he wanted to save further trouble, he had better lie. The proverb “Honesty is the best policy”, he learned, did not always apply.
3) Religion was not what he wanted. He couldn't and wouldn't believe in his aunt and God any more since he had been deceived and forced to tell a lie.
7 He was saved from sin in an ironic sense. He was compelled to commit a sin (ie, to lie) in order to be “saved from sin”. B Reference version：
1 Every night for weeks, the priests gave sermons, and people sang songs in praise of God, worshipped God and shouted for joy. Some sinners who had never showed signs of shame or repentance were saved from sin and the number of the members of the church increased rapidly. 2 The clergyman spoke on religious matters to the congregation. His speech was marvellously regular and melodious; it was a mixture of the low sounds of pain, grief and suffering, loud and happy as well as lonely cries, and horrible pictures of the world sinners go to when they die. 3 The whole building shook with all the praying and singing.
4 All the people attending church service prayed only for me; their praying became one strong and powerful sound of pain and suffering.
5 The whole church became a sea of great joy.
6 When everything became quiet again, during a respectful silence, which was broken only by several people saying “Amen” extremely joyfully and happily, all the children were given blessings by the minister in the name of God.
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
1 F (People were pleased because he was not only honest but also a good businessman.)
2 F (In fact, they were greatly interested in others' business. For example, George Williams and Clyde Ballard's wife listened to others' telephone calls on the party line.) 3 F (George also spoke ill of him. For example, he said, “Well, I always said that Sam Billings was the biggest crook that ever lived in the town of Androscoggin.”) 4 F (Florida was to the South of Androscoggin.) 5 T
6 F (No one told him of the things that had been said against him.)
TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1 C2 B3 B4 A5 A
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version：
Gossip can be gracious and kindly and as often affected by good will as by rancour.
Try to imagine, for instance, a village where there is no gossip. Every citizen in it is, to use a common expression, minding his own business, never caring to see what anyone else is doing. In such a place, there would probably be no charities, no getting together, no luncheon clubs, no sewing bees, no Rotary, no ParentTeacher Associations, and in fact, no local news, for news is nothing but verified gossip. K 33News is verified gossip and history is verified news — verified in the unlimited passage of time, for this verification may take a few hours or a few thousand years. Scholars today are endlessly checking the legendary accounts of the victories of Genghis Khan or seeking to reconcile conflicting testimony as to the exact words of Jesus. For we know that a great deal of unverified gossip slips into history's pages, to linger there for generations until the discovery of lost evidence brings us closer to the truth.
It is inevitable that this should be so. Stories which are passed from father to son may be intentionally altered to suit the age or the taste of the listener, without intent to distort; or they may be told with accuracy, but inaccurately heard, and still more inaccurately repeated.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ Spelling
1 escort2 rhythmical3 surround 4 minister5 swirl6 punctuate 7 quilt8 serenely9 ecstatic 10 wail11 deceive12 knee
Ⅱ Dictation
The last days before Easter were busy and exciting ones. Father whitewashed the house inside and out, and painted the window boxes and shutters a bright blue. The two children selected the largest, most perfect eggs, and they were laid aside for decorating. Evenings Mother got out her dyepots and the fascinating work of making dozens and dozens of fancy Easter eggs kept the family busy. There were two ways of decorating them. The plainer ones were dyed first. When they dried, Father scratched patterns on them with penknives. The fancy ones were lots of work. Mother had a tiny funnel, with melted beeswax in it. With this she drew intricate patterns on the white eggs. After the wax hardened, she dipped them in the dye. Then she scratched off the wax and there was the beautiful design left in white on the coloured eggs. The finished ones were placed in baskets and put on a shelf until Easter morning.
K 34Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
A 1 C2 B3 A4 C5 B6 D
B Jansci's parents pretended that they had forgotten Kate's boots and Jancsi's father suggested that she should wear his boots. But actually they had bought a pair of pretty, trim red boots for Kate.
Ⅳ Translation
A 1 Holding out his workgnarled hands, the old fisherman with a weatherbeaten face started to tell us about the hardships of his life on the sea.
2 The little girl is apparently badly injured. She's been crying for hours and she's still moaning. 3 As the Nobel Prize winner went onto the platform escorted by the chairman, the whole hall rocked with cheers and clapping.
4 When the dance party was in full swing, music and songs swirled all around the ballroom. 5 For reasons that are not quite understood, there has been a revival of strong interest in traditional Chinese drama, such as Bejing Opera and Shaoxing Opera, among the college students. 6 The traffic downtown was held up for a while because crowds of people swarmed into the streets to watch the annual holiday parade. 7 When he saw his heartbroken parents, the young man felt so ashamed of himself for causing so much trouble to the family that he went on his knees and begged their forgiveness.
8 He was very excited at the sight of his son, whom he had not met for a long time, getting off the ship. But it was quite out of his expectation that his son pretended not to see him; and turning his back to his father, the young man walked off right away. 9 The two neighbouring countries stopped the decadelong war and signed a peace agreement. From then on, their economic exchange and bilateral trade developed by leaps and bounds.
10 As soon as the winner of Nobel Prize of physics appeared before the faculty and students, the hall broke into a sea of cheers. And his speech was punctuated by deafening clapping. B Reference version：
Sally Smith, an astronaut, was back at last after her seventyday voyage through outerspace. As she was escorted by her husband into their livingroom, the whole room rocked with cheers and clapping. Waves of joy swept through the place. Her pupils, who were all there, leaped in the air; her father jumped from his chair; and her mother threw her arms around her. When she knelt at her grandmother's knees and took her by the hand, her grandmother broke down and burst into tears. “Oh, you've really come back, Sally,” she sobbed. “How I missed you!” “I missed you,too,” Sally said. While Sally wiped the tears from her grandmother's cheeks, music and songs swirled all around them. K 35
Ⅴ Blank Filling
A a 1) effort2) trouble3) effort4) trouble b 1) still2) Still3) quiet4) calm5) quiet
c 1) crying2) weeping ／ sobbing3) sobbed d 1) alone2) lonely, lonely3) alone
B (1) different(2) completely(3) similarities (4) beliefs(5) playing(6) example (7) not(8) cause(9) not (10) be(11) This(12) and
(13) reason(14) single(15) center (16) Instead(17) the(18) religious (19) Christian(20) in(21) because (22) broke(23) much(24) branches (25) church(26) right(27) separate (28) that(29) by(30) result
(31) Protestants(32) leave(33) have (34) beliefs(35) who(36) Protestants C (1) C(2) D(3) A(4) A(5) B(6) C (7) C(8) D(9) A(10) B(11) D(12) B (13) C(14) D(15) B
D (1) membership(2) by leaps and bounds (3) had been a lot of(4) were escorted (5) workgnarled hands(6) jetblack (7) ashamed of(8) in the name of God (9) save(10) on
(11) swinging(12) grinning at
(13) throws her arms around(14) break into
(15) rocked with(16) waves of rejoicing swept the place (17) quieted down(18) punctuated (19) ended
K 36Ⅵ A grey： mousecoloured, offwhite white： milkwhite, snowwhite
black： coalblack, jet, jetblack, pitchblack red： crimson, pink, rosy, ruby, ruddy, scarlet
green： bottle green, emerald, olive green, pea green, sea green, turquoise yellow： blonde, cream, golden, offwhite, sandy, strawcoloured blue： navy, royal blue, sky blue, turquoise brown： bronze, chocolate, tan
B 1 made every effort2 I won't accept 3 study4 examined ... closely
5 agree to6 do you take as a hobby 7 last a long time8 match
9 run counter to (are against)10 spoil 11 act according to12 broken his promise
Unit 4
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
A Answers for reference：
1 F (In order to get the most out of any book and to absorb it fully, we must write between the lines as well as read between the lines. In this sense, the two phrases are complementary to each other.)
2 F (The writer talks about marking a book on condition that it is your own book. Books borrowed from a friend or the library, or textbooks kept on reserve in universities, should not be marked.) 3 T
4 F (Once you have bought a book, you become its true owner only when you have made it a part of yourself. The writer makes a comparison between reading a book and consuming a beefsteak in order to explain what “full”, “real” ownership is.)
5 F (If it is a first edition of a famous writer's masterpiece or an elegantly bound edition, for example, it is not advisable to mark it up.)
6 F (According to the writer, the more notes you have made in a book and the “worse” its physical appearance gets, the better you have absorbed the book.)
7 F (The writer says that the soul is the content of a book while the body is its binding and typography, so they are separable. The beauty of a rare edition or of a magnificently bound book, however, is inseparable from its soul. Its beauty is just like the beauty of a painting or a statue, whose body and soul cannot be separated.)
8 F (Gone with the Wind is a piece of light fiction meant for enjoyment, amusement and relaxation. If you do not read it actively, you lose nothing. The writer has the same opinion as Francis Bacon, the seventeenthcentury English philosopher, who says：“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested,...” Different kinds of books need different approaches. Only books to be read for their rich ideas need diligence and careful attention. Unless it is for a special purpose, you do not have to make detailed notes in Gone with the Wind.)
9 F (We cannot draw this conclusion so rashly because the writer tells us that if a book is say, a beautiful first edition, it is a combination of body and soul, and he would not scribble in it. A clean book may be such a book.) 10 T
B Reference version：
When the writer emphasizes the importance of marking up a book, he is referring to one's own books that are worth careful reading or study. In the case of these books, we should try to understand both the main ideas and the specific details, so as to make judgments, react emotionally, analytically, or critically, recognize the author's hidden purpose or prejudices, make an overall evaluation, comprehend precisely what is being said, and make comments on his style, diction and ／ or ideas. In short, it is an excellent method of intensive reading. K 42Consider the following points：
1) In the 80's, a person adopting one reading method cannot read very much, so he cannot achieve as much as those who employ multiple reading techniques.
Nowadays a reader has to read various newspapers, magazines and periodicals in order to keep up with what is happening around him, to become better informed, and to gain a broad understanding of a particular topic. Sometimes when a person is reviewing, or doing research, or writing a paper, or seeking specific information for some specific purpose, he must have another kind of reading skill to help him to find answers to specific questions. As purposes of reading vary, so must the
reading methods vary. The degree of concentration, the speed, the amount of attention paid to details and the amount of notetaking will all vary with the reader's purpose.
2) It is necessary to cultivate good reading habits. Scribbling all over a book or making it dogeared are not considered good reading habits by most people.
3) Good readers usually respect those who keep their books clean. Love and respect for books are generally considered to be a good reader's duty. The way recommended by the writer can probably best be described as a “minority viewpoint”. C Answers for reference：
1 I argue plainly that making marks in a book is not something done to spoil it but to show its worth and value.
2 Getting the book by payment is merely a preparatory step on the way to ownership. 3 Only when you have fully absorbed it can you say that you own the book completely.
4 The third kind of book owners possess only a few or many books, but every one of them is worn, with the corners of the leaves folded over, and has become less tightly bound because of constant use. There are marks and informally written notes in each book from cover to cover.
5 I would never mark pages of a first edition copy of Paradise Lost, just as I would not give my baby a set of coloured pencils and a painting by Rembrandt in the original.
6 If the elaborate cover, style of printing or layout prevent you from marking up a book, then you'd better buy a cheap edition in which you can show your respect to the writer (i.e., by writing notes in it).
7 If you write notes in the book yourself, the words and sentences will stand out more distinctly in your mind and last longer in your memory.
8 Don't believe that a reader is only expected to take in passively what is in the book (i.e., the reader should also contribute).
9 Comprehension is a process involving both reception and production. If you remain a container ready only to receive, you cannot expect to learn very much.
K 43TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
1 F (Instead of finding time to read, we must make time, that is, we must increase our reading speed. If we triple or quadruple our reading speed, we'll be able to read three or four times as much as we usually do.)
2 F (Regression is a bad habit that must be done away with.) 3 T
4 F (This is a very inefficient reading habit that slows down our reading.)
5 F (The reader does not have to worry so much about comprehension when he begins to practise fasterthancomfortable reading speed, but as time goes on he will have to pay attention to comprehension.)
TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1 (The Second Hand Shop.)2 (442 9900.)
3 (W. Foster or S. J. Screeton.)4 (P. J. Ryan. Save money. Estimates free.)
5 (3, i.e., North Cheshire Builders, A.C.Webb, and Mr. Sharp)
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version：
All of us can change our behaviour to fit different situations. We are festive, often noisy, at weddings and birthday celebrations, sympathetic at funerals, attentive at lectures, serious and respectful at religious services. Even the clothes we wear on these different occasions may vary. Our table manners are not the same at a picnic as in a restaurant or at a formal dinner party. When we speak with close friends, we are free to interrupt them and we will not be offended if they interrupt us. When we speak to people higher up, however, we are inclined to hear them out before saying anything ourselves. If we don't make such adjustments, we are likely to get into trouble. We may fail to accomplish our purpose and we are almost sure to be considered illmannered or worse.
From one point of view, language is behaviour and it is part of the way we act. It builds a bridge of communication, without which society could not even exist. And like every other kind of behaviour, it must be adjusted to fit different contexts or situations where it is used. When we think of all the adjustments regularly made in any one language, we speak of language variety. When we think of the adjustments any one person makes in different situations, we use the term style.
K 44COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES Ⅰ Spelling
1 acceptable2 quotation3 stupendous 4 appearance5 grammarian6 valuable 7 approach8 illustrate9 debatable
10 manuscript11 provocation12 satisfactory
Ⅱ Dictation
English is almost overwhelming in the richness of its vocabulary, estimated to contain more than a million words and to be the world's largest. From this vast storehouse, users of the language can coin words to suit their needs or give new meanings to existing words in ways that seem natural and effortless. Many other features lend force and flexibility to the language.
Whatever the future may hold for English, it has proved to be eminently suitable for almost all forms of written expression as well as for everyday use. It is sure to develop and change, for such is the nature of a living language. Probably it will become increasingly informal, under the impact of mass education and the mass media. Thus the written and the spoken forms of the language will be drawn closer together, making for greater flexibility. In the view of some, English might in time become the one generally accepted international language.
Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
A (The great love I said I have for you) increases every day. When I see you the one thing I want to do is to marry you. Our last conversation made me anxious to see you again. If we were
married, I know that I would find pleasure in living with you. I have a heart I want to give to you. No one is more able to care for me and be of help to me. I speak the truth. You will do me a favour if you answer this. Your letters are full of true concern for me. Goodbye! Believe me, I am still your loving friend.
B The boy used a secret code when writing to the girl. The oddnumbered lines make up the real letter, while the evennumbered lines are inserted in between every two oddnumbered lines to make the letter acceptable to the girl's father. So when the girl read the letter, she only read lines 1,3,5,7, and so on.
Ⅳ Translation
A 1 You are not likely to grasp an article on logic unless you think actively in the course of ／ while reading.
2 According to the author, one of the most effective ways to read a good book is by writing between the lines while reading.
3 He was so absorbed in one of his cloning experiments that he wasn't aware of my entering the laboratory at all. K 454 I don't think happiness consists in obtaining what you need; I believe happiness consists in doing what you can for society.
5 Air pressure, oxygen and temperature are among the conditions indispensable to the survival of the astronauts on the moon.
6 In a certain sense, postgraduate students are also researchers.
7 He would rather set down what he has observed, important or trivial, in his notebook than commit it to his memory, because he believes in the remark that “The worst pen is better than the best memory.”
8 He was supposed to explain to the students why sharp observation and logical thinking were indispensable qualities to research work, but his talk was more confusing than clarifying.
9 According to his theory of foreign language learning, one can better learn English in a state of relaxation than in a state of concentration.
10 Planning and outlining are only a prelude to writing. Drafting, revising and editing are necessary steps required of thesis writing. B Reference version：
The triumph of science in England can be traced back to the seventeenth century and, under the influence of science, the English language and the way it has been used has undergone many changes. Much earlier English had replaced Latin as the language of science and scholarship. The rise of scientific writing in English helped to establish a simple, plain kind of prose as dominant in modern written English. Other kinds of prose continued to exist, but a rhetorical style ceased to be the norm. The plain style is not, of course, confined to science; it is found in all kinds of expository writing. Nor, unfortunately, do all scientists write in a plain style. But scientific writing, and scientific attitudes in general, have undoubtedly played a part in the establishment of this style.
Ⅴ Blank Filling
A 1 up2 with3 by4 down 5 up6 with7 with8 up
9 away with10 out of11 without12 for 13 for14 with
B (1) part(2) often(3) this(4) valuable (5) anyone(6) that(7) simplicity(8) common (9) with(10) language(11) no(12) enough
(13) of(14) few(15) necessary(16) grammatically (17) well(18) only(19) phrase(20) One (21) French(22) with(23) thought(24) try (25) as
K 46C (1) hardly(2) reading(3) reasonably(4) failure (5) record(6) with(7) trying(8) certain (9) effort(10) at(11) stops(12) print (13) nearly(14) will(15) at(16) down
(17) without(18) experts(19) vocabulary(20) up (21) dictionary(22) end(23) meaning(24) by (25) become(26) out(27) large(28) does (29) lists(30) wide
D 1 (1) in the course of(2) was likely (3) so to speak(4) owing to
(5) transferred ... to(6) no more ... than (7) wideawake(8) was capable (9) resuming(10) confused by (11) you may ask(12) tend to (13) respect for(14) consists in 2 (1) persuaded(2) demanded
(3) pick up where he left off(4) was inseparable from (5) rich in(6) was filled with
(7) confuse ... with(8) preserved intact and unblemished (9) clean and shiny(10) marking up (11) an act of mutilation(12) scribbling (13) made ... a part of(14) dogeared (15) dilapidated(16) available (17) argued(18) in the full sense
(19) was indispensable to(20) not ... until (21) could(22) paid for (23) unless
Ⅵ 1 get there in time 2 understand
3 treated as of little importance 4 become friends again
5 living within her meagre income 6 made her very angry 7 pretending
8 aroused my appetite
9 use to the greatest advantage K 4710 inventing 11 see
12 raised his arm and looked as if he was about 13 treated as of great importance 14 decided
15 sees to it that 16 laughed at
17 does what he has to do while the time is right 18 was crucial
Unit 5
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
A Answers for reference：
1 Examples of information the author gives include： 1) where secondhand touring bikes are sold,
2) where computer training by email courses are offered, 3) how to book shuttle reservations to a site in Nairobi, 4) where to get “pet moving” service, 5) where to buy industrialage nuts and bolts, 6) where to get teddy bears,
7) where to get fancy things like fourposter beds for dogs.
2 It was nearly twenty years ago that Tim BernersLee, a lowly software consultant, wrote a nifty little computer program called “Enquire Within Upon Everything.” 3 The examples the author gives are：
1) Thomas Edison was credited with the invention of the light bulb, but he had dozens of people in his lab working on it,
2) William Shockley was credited with the invention of the transistor, but it was actually two of his research scientists who built it,
3) the Internet was a thing that was made by committee.
The author gives these examples to call the reader's attention to the fact that the World Wide Web was created by Tin BernersLee alone.
4 He was interested in computer programs that could deal with information in the way human brains did, and that could even do better than human brains. He devised a kind of software that could link all kinds of information one may meet with in real life.
5 “Enquire” is shourt for the code “Enquire Within Upon Everuthing,” which means, “Whatever you want to know, just click in the request for the information.” Enquire Within Upon Everything is the name of an encyclopaedia published in Queen Victoria's time (i.e., the
19th century), which BernersLee apparently learned about in his childhood. 6 Hypertext is computer readable text in which crossreference links have been put in, making it possible for the user to call up relevant data from other files, or from parts of the same file, by clicking on a coded word or symbol, etc.
The “hypertext” notebook BernersLee devised was a computer system by which words in a document can be linked to other files on his computer. When he followed a link by number, he could automatically pull up its related document.
7 In the first place, if he wanted to have access to the information that resided on someone else's computer, he would have to get that person's permission and then he had to add the new material to a central database of his own. But if he should open up his document and his computer to everyone, there would then be no problems in getting information from others and sending information to others. It would be convenient for him as well as others to get access to any information.
8 BernersLee devised 1) a relatively easytolearn coding system, HTML (HyperText Markup Language), which later became the lingua france of the Web, 2) URL (universal resource locator), which is an addressing scheme that gives each Web page a unique location, and 3) HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), which is a set of rules that permitted documents to be linked together on computers across the Internet. K 529 When he was a child, he was taught by his parents to think unconventionally. He played games over the breakfast table with imaginary numbers, for example, he wanted to find out the square root of minus four. He made imaginary computers out of cardboard boxes and fivehole paper tape, and he was greatly interested in electronics.
10 The creation of the World Wide Web provided BernersLee with many opportunities to get rich, but he was not for making a profit out of it. While one of BernersLee's coworkers, Marc Andreessen, who helped to write the first popular Web browser, became one of the Web's first millionaires, BernersLee went for an administrative and academic life at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He had no interest in profitmaking, but he was content to work quietly in the background.
B Answers for reference：
1 Where high quality is not just something someone does on certain occasions, but rather something that one does regularly and that one finds it difficult to stop doing.
2 ... nowadays by using a computer equipped with a modem and pointing and clicking with a mouse, you can get information from any place in this world, and neither time, nor space, nor high longdistance phone tariffs will make it difficult for you to do so.
3 Who knew at that time that this humble software consultant would create the World Wide Web which would change our civilization, bring about millionaires, and a rich source of information.
4 Surprisingly enough, such a fact did not take place in an industrial city or town but in the Swiss Alps, which seemed to be remote from industry.
5 ... that could keep myself informed about all the chance connections that one may meet with in real life, and which one's brains ought to be good enough to remember, but sometimes I would just not remember.
6 On the Internet one should be able to begin from one's own software file and move on to get a list of names of people one wishes to contact, and to get access to a phone book, and to get a
chart showing an organization, and to obtain whatever information one wishes to get.
7 In 1991 the World Wide Web made its first appearance to the world, and thereafter what used to be chaotic on the computer screen began to be orderly and clear.
8 He changed a most effective communications system (i.e., the computer) which used to be only at the disposal of the select educated class into a means of communication for large numbers of common people. K 53 TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
Answers for reference：
1 Just a week ago, on October 11, 1997, his wife told him the most distressing ／ upsetting ／ dreadful ／ frightening news about their little son who appeared to be healthy.
2 Mary Anne was attracted by and her attention was fixed on the words “serious heart disease from birth.”
3 The world is so rich that it just cannot let this child die without trying to do something. (This a strong message requesting help.)
4 In the following days, Yongxin's state of mind changed from hopefulness to hopelessness and vice versa by turns.
5 Mary Anne Wehland was given uncertain promises from several surgeons fo fhildren's heart diseases, who offered to treat Shaoshao free of charge.
6 Every year he went to Peru with a U.C.L.A. medical team to operate on children who were not supposed to be able to have operations, aiming at restoring the normal function of their hearts; and he had seen many of these children became well and healthy.
7 Mary Anne wanted to take a risk： she would ask the Deng family to go to Los Angeles before she tried to get money for the catheterization.
8 Yongxin phoned Mary Anne who had only been known to her through emails for many months. Now that he heard Mary Anne's voice, he, being very hopeful now, was so thankful to her that he could hardly speak.
9 The operation would be a great risk, but Dr. Laks thought he had good reasons to take the risk and prform the operation.
10 As soon as he had no trouble with his pulmonary blood pressure, Shaoshao would be able to go through the operation, which would enable his blood to flow normally thereafter.
11 On the morning of the next day, “Today,” which was a national television talk show, put on a short programme about the child.
12 ... a donor that did not give his name who, with other people who also wished Shaoshao good health, raised the money for Shaoshao's use to more than 110,000. 13 Both Yongxin and Han Dan felt uncertain during the whole of the lond day. 14 Now Yongxin and Han Dan cried with exceedingly great happiness. K 54 TEXT Ⅲ
1 The Nino 300. It is a palmsized personal computer.
2 It is very small, only as big as the palm of the hand. It is very light in weight, and is penbased.
It has a builtin modem, Microsoft CE 2.0, and a voice command. It has a bright, backlit touch screen. The battery it uses is rechargeable.
3 1) It provides the latest news headlines. 2) Games of solitaire can be played on it. 3) It sends emails.
4) It reminds the owner of meetings, schedules, and various other things. 5) It records voice commands. 4 Philips.
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version：
One reason why the family unit is crumbling is that parents have relinguished their authority over children. The permissive school of thought says “Let the child do what he wants to when he wants to, no matter what it is, don't warp his personality, don't thwart him, otherwise you will ruin him for life”. Because of this we've got a generation of spoilt selfcentred brats with no respect for their elders. Children always push to see how much they can get away with; if you give them nothing to push against, there are no moral limits, no moral convictions will develop in the children. We have this in the schools — children have much less respect for their teachers nowadays.
Respect doesn't mean that when someone in authority says “Jump”, you jump — that's the military approach. Speaking of young people today, if they have an opinion that's different from yours, then you're the fool and they're right, even if they don't have enough experience to judge.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ Spelling
1 click2 specialize3 exotic4 phone tariff
5 cyberspace6 consultant7 transistor8 protocol
9 nonproprietary10 chaos11 compromise12 impact
K 55Ⅱ Dictation
A computer does not think, at least not in the most widely accepted sense of the word; it does only what it is told and it does exactly what it is told. If given faulty instructions or incorrect data, it produces faulty results. The mixups that sometimes occur are almost always the fault of the people who work with the computer, not of the computer itself. When the proper safeguards are applied even a malfunctioning computer — one with a burnedout circuit, for example — will not produce incorrect results; it will, instead, signal the operator that something is wrong. Although a computer does not think, it does make decisions. Each decision is based on a logical pattern previously stored — by man — in the computer. It makes a decision by following instructions
such as “If the number you are reading is 10 or less, proceed to the next step. If it is greater than 10, skip the next step.” In making decisions, the computer uses the processes of logic. A computer can also retain information — that is, “remember” — and is thus capable of learning.
Ⅲ Listening Comprehension 1 C2 A3 D4 A5 B
Ⅳ Translation
A 1 If you have access to the Internet and log on to it, you can get information online about current affairs, education, science and technology, finance, public health and entertainment.
2 Thanks to the rapid development of modern means of telecommunication, international communication is generally unencumbered by time or space.
3 She is a scientist of action. For one thing, she more than anyone else in the experiment group has devoted so much time and energy to this project.
4 I really don't understand why he noodles around that antiquated ／ outmoded ／ oldfashioned computer all day long.
5 In case you fail to get into the central database, you can call our Technical Support Service Department for help.
6 A language has a limited number of prepositions and articles, but its nouns and verbs are openended and infinite — new words are born every day.
7 With the awareness that the English language is the lingua franca of the world, an increasing number of young people try to learn English as much as they can in their sparetime. 8 What distinguishes this young man from others is that he is inclined to think unconventionally, and would make no compromise with traditional ideas.
9 This research institute is a nonprofit institution whose research projects are usually funded by some multinational corporations.
10 Our general manager is one who is completely oriented toward the market economy. At every critical juncture in the business development of the corporation, he would choose nothing but the market road.
K 56B Reference version.
In this electronic age, information grows at a phenomenal speed. Some knowledge of computer network is required of an average person. With a computer that is equipped with a mouse and a modem, you can get information unencumbered by time or space. All you need to do is turn on your computer and log it on to the Internet. Launch a search engine and you find nearly anything online. As a matter of fact, you have access to all the information that is nonproprietary and free. The World Wide Web has made the world no more than a global village. You can easily keep track of the news and current events around the world, and order what you need by email. What if you are Internet illiterate and know nothing about such things as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol? It's simple： you take a computer lesson and learn about the lingua franca of this age. You know, life on the Internet is not at all a life of dreary and tedious work, but a life full of excitement and new discovery.
Ⅴ Blank Filling
A (1) them(2) chief(3) sisters (4) at
(5) learn(6) praise(7) too(8) children
(9) in(10) brakes(11) message(12) because (13) owe(14) without(15) not(16) around (17) others(18) the(19) world(20) pass
B (1) whether(2) reservation(3) whatever(4) industries (5) allow(6) system(7) so(8) reach
(9) officer(10) recent(11) changes(12) also (13) prepare(14) career(15) manage
C (1) recent(2) onto the Internet(3) size(4) have spread (5) global(6) have logged on to(7) system(8) information (9) web pages(10) commonly(11) as well as(12) data
(13) pour through(14) huge(15) documents(16) timetables (17) around the world(18) reach(19) covering(20) sharing (21) felt(22) century(23) require(24) counters (25) completed(26) at home(27) rapidly(28) users (29) online(30) fascinating
K 57Ⅵ A 1 up to his eyes in work 2 have an eye for
3 was a real eyeopener 4 see eye to eye about 5 Keep an eye on
6 I still see ... in my mind's eye 7 running her eyes over 8 feasting his eyes on 9 has his eye on 10 see eye to eye 11 kept an eye on 12 with the naked eye
13 has an eye for a good thing 14 opened his eyes
B 1 inappropriate2 inefficient 3 overstatement4 humbly 5 true6 raise
7 extraordinary8 elastic, flexible, moving 9 safely10 distraction 11 ashwhite12 general 13 uneducated14 unavailable 15 tactful16 stiff
17 disagreeable18 innocence 19 ungracious20 insufficient 21 contempt22 sharply
23 mental ／ spiritual24 tighten 25 incapable
Unit 6
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
A Answers for reference：
1 Humans are the most highly developed and evolved species of animal life. They are in a position to do, more or less, whatever they like to do with other animals. Man can kill everything that competes with him for living space or food, and uses the most advanced methods to capture, kill, or tame other animals to satisfy his own needs. Man is certainly the greatest predator the world has known.
2 It shows that living beings in an ecosystem affect and interact upon each other. Predators like tigers and wolves may be very fierce as they have their unbeatable array of “weapons” to attack and kill, but prey animals, on the other hand, are equipped with means to avoid being captured. The predators therefore cannot kill at will. In other words, being a predator is not easy.
3 No. When we think of predators, we often picture carnivores such as lions and tigers with acute senses, sharp teeth and claws designed for fighting and killing other defenseless small animals. In fact, not all predators are “bad”. The frog is a predator, but is known as the protector of the land, because it lives on insects harmful to agricultural products. Predators are necessary for ecological balance.
4 An ecosystem is made up of two parts： the nonliving (the physical environment) and the living (all living things). The two parts affecting each other result in the balance of the ecosystem in the world of nature. For instance, there are carnivores such as wolves,lions and tigers with their enormous size and terrible claws, dangerous to the existence of the prey species on which they feed. The prey, however, are also wellequipped with their own superb detection, defense and escape systems and many thus survive. In this way, an ecosystem's balance is maintained since the number of prey animals captured remains almost constant.
5 Biological control is the method of using parasites and predators to control and limit the number of pests, rather than using insecticides. There have been attempts in the United States to use sparrows to control elm spanworms, and in Jamaica to use mongooses from India to kill rats. These attempts failed but scientists are confident that some day biological control could replace insecticides to kill pests, though it will need care and advance study.
6 All organic life is of equal importance in the world of nature, with every species having its own role to play. Nothing can survive unless it fits into the balance of nature within its environment. All life must work together to maintain ecological balance, and any attempts to violate the balance of ecology are likely to end in failure. B Reference version：
1 People usually think that predators do not have to make an effort to kill the prey animals, since they (the prey) have no means of protecting themselves.
2 What I have gone through proves quite the opposite, ie, the tiger has to make a real effort to eat. I would say that in order to catch one wild animal, the tiger has to try to make twenty to thirty attempts.
K 623 So long as these systems are functioning properly, an animal will not be caught by a wolf.
4 Parasites have the opposite characteristics.
5 Naturalists have observed that fleas have smaller fleas living on and feeding off them, and these have even smaller fleas on them. This phenomenon continues almost indefinitely.
6 Instead of bringing the insects under control, the birds have spread all over the country. Their numbers are so great that they leave little space for blue birds and other birds which have always lived in the area and try to get from them the food and nesting places.
7 Remoras, a type of fish, join themselves onto sharks, go where the sharks go and eat bits of shark's food.
8 The organisms that a lichen is composed of could not live long separately.
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
Answers for reference：
1 Physically, they are magnificent, filling one with fascination and awe, and something similar to a deep respect. “Where the elephant walks, the lion fears to tread”. 2 They can survive in all climates and altitudes and live long lives.
3 They rest “trunks hand in hand ... always with the spoor of the tusked elephant in that of the tuskless brother”.
4 The death of an elephant is similar to that of a hero in a tragedy, as is shown in the last paragraph.
TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1 F (Sometimes it does — it ventures out on to the plains.)
2 F (It is the most powerful beast of prey for its size in existence.) 3 T
4 F (It attacks with one of its paws.) 5 T
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version：
Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to their environment, including the interrelationships of many organisms themsevles as well as the relationships of these organisms with the nonorganic environment. K 63The fundamental components of the environment are plants, animals, minerals and water When their relationships do not change much from year to year, we observe a balance of nature. That is, the addition of plants, animals, minerals, and water is equal to that which has been removed. For example, the minerals taken from the soil are restored, and the plants that die are
replaced by similar plants.
But not everything remains stable all the time. What will occur when the balance of nature is disturbed. either by a geological change such as a change in climate, or by a local agitation such as an earthquake? In case of a disturbance of this kind, a period of rehabilitation must occur and, eventually, a new balance if established.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ Spelling
1 creature 2 individual 3 contrary 4 formidable 5 estimate6 equip7 parasitism8 deliberately 9 sparrow10 widespread11 mammal12 fragment
Ⅱ Dictation
The “balance of nature” is not an empty phrase. Nature provides a population with a suitable environment and cuts down surplus population to fit the available food supply. One means of reducing surplus population is predators： others are parasites and diseases. Population density produces nervous disorders and can even drive animals to unnatural mass migration, like the lemmings of Norway, who plunge into the sea.
That the predator population increase controls other animals has long been known. Many years ago, the Hudson's Bay Company records revealed that the fox population went up and down about a year after the rabbit population had gone up and down.
Jamaica experienced an example of nature's persistence in providing animals with an existing habitat. Sugar planters about 75 years ago, imported mongooses to control the rats. The mongooses killed off the rats and, with plenty of food, multiplied. The mongooses then ate poultry, lambs, kids, kittens, puppies, and other wild creatures. Eventually, food became scarce and the mongoose population declined.
Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
A 1 B2 D3 A4 C5 B6 C
K Ⅳ Translation
A 1 Being a famous actor, he actually does not have an easy time of it. He must constantly improve his acting to meet new challenges.
2 As was announced in the university newspaper, a grand alumni party will be held on the evening of the International Labour Day.
3 After a sleepless night, the excited children got up before dawn the next day and headed for the sea in the hope that they could see the sunrise. 4 After retirement, the psychology professor, unwilling to live an inactive life, took to developing educational games for children.
5 An increasing number of countries have passed the law which forbids anyone to hunt wildlife at will on the territory of their countries.
6 The sight of the children's skillful search for information on the Internet brought to my mind my own childhood. At that time I had no idea of what else a computer could do besides
wordprocessing.
7 I don't know if it is always the case in the animal world that stronger animals prey upon the weaker ones.
8 Many people are very proud of the skyscrapers that have mushroomed in their cities, with the mistaken idea that skyscrapers are the synonym of modernization.
9 I don't think it was an accident. Judging from the way the car was hit, it was definitely a deliberate murder.
10 The mastery of gymnastic skills requires years of training. The same is true with the mastery of English skills. B Reference version：
After the sun had set on our last day at the farm I walked out towards the desert. In the first pleasant moment after those long hot hours, I thought I was the only being out of doors. Then I stopped. In front of me a rattlesnake lay rigid. It was not yet going to strike, but his head turned a little towards me to watch what I would do. My first instinct was to ignore him. But I remembered that there were people and animals at the farm in need of protection; my duty, plainly, was to destroy the snake. I went back to the farm and returned with a stick. The snake had not moved; he brought to mind a wire but when he saw the stick his tail twitched and he drew back his head. I raised my weapon, but more quickly than I could strike he shot into a dense bush and set up his rattling, warning me that if I persisted in making an attempt to take his life he would have no choice but to try and take mine. For a moment I listened to the ominous sound and then I plunged my stick into the bush. He was soon dead although when I picked him up by the tail his formidable jaws were still gaping and snapping.
K 65Ⅴ Blank Filling
A (1) long(2) According (3) kill(4) food (5) die(6) afraid(7) seldom(8) human (9) young(10) animal(11) if(12) lived
(13) nature(14) kill(15) nonsense(16) wolves
(17) population(18) balance(19) people(20) wilderness (21) food(22) nearest(23) danger(24) myth (25) happens
B (1) A(2) B(3) D(4) C (5) D(6) A(7) B(8) C (9) A(10) A(11) C(12) B (13) D(14) B(15) C
C (1) bring to mind(2) unbeatable (3) array of(4) capture (5) safe from(6) in need of (7) attached to(8) think of ... as (9) at will(10) quite the contrary
(11) make ... attempts(12) are in good working order (13) free from(14) the reverse is also true (15) prey(16) in the hope
(17) capture(18) he is not having an easy time of it
(19) compete with(20) As is often true with (21) taken to(22) warn ... of (23) it happens(24) affect (25) lead to
Ⅵ A 1 symbiotic2 mutual 3 biological4 euphemistic 5 parasitic6 competitive 7 organic8 individualistic 9 ecological10 impressionistic 11 explosive12 integrated
13 advantageous14 symphonic 15 indispensable16 continual 17 persuasive18 detectable 19 rhythmic(al)20 spontaneous B 1 carried away
K 662 was a great success
3 said precisely what I wanted to say 4 gave ... confidence
5 worry about such trifles so much 6 made him speechless with wonder 7 made good use of 8 get ready to shoot 9 being surprised 10 assume 11 occurred
12 made an effort
Unit 7
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
A Answers for reference：
1 F (The boy was suddenly filled with extreme dread because he saw numerous, energetic ants attacking a dying buck which suddenly fell.)
2 F (The buck was still on its feet, though struggling and screaming.) 3 F (One bird was singing.) 4 F (The buck fell suddenly.) 5 F (The mass refers to the body of the buck, from which came small uncontrollable movements.)
6 F (He lowered his gun because he didn't want to interfere with the natural laws of the bush.)
7 F (He felt sick ／ He felt that he was going to vomit.)
8 F (It means “I am not ready to die”, or literally, “I'm not for you to eat.”)
9 F (Since it took only a few minutes for the ants to have picked the skeleton clean, it was still early in the morning.) 10 T
B Reference version：
1 The ground looked black because it was covered with numerous black ants. These vigorous, strong and powerful ants, without paying any attention to the boy, were moving quickly towards the wounded buck which was struggling helplessly. The ants looked like brightly shining black water running through the grass.
2 Just as he took a breath, feeling pity for the buck and somehow afraid, the buck was no longer on its feet and became silent.
3 He looked closely at the twisting body of the buck covered with black ants; its only movement now was short, quick twitches.
4 The thought well expressed his growing feeling of anger and unhappiness, and objection to what was happening.
5 Near him the ants were gradually going home in small groups with bits of pink meat in their mouths and there was in the air a sharp fresh smell, that of blood and fresh raw flesh.
6 People might think the buck had been lying there for years, if there had not been scraps of pink meat on the white bone.
7 The buck, walking around happily and proudly with its beautiful white tail swishing from side to side, had breathed in and smelt the cold morning air.
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
1 F (March here does not refer to the month of March. On the march means “moving forward”, so the title means “the ants are marching or moving”.) K 722 F (Legend here does not mean an old story of doubtful truth. It means a wellknown person or object. So the savagery of the soldier ant in Africa is a wellknown fact.)
3 F (Sometimes, ants attack creatures that are in their way, no matter whether they are strong or weak.) 4 T
5 F (She kills all the other active female ants in her group and the male ants who have fertilized her eggs.) 6 T
7 F (Queen ants rarely make public appearances.) 8 F (They also protect the newlyborn ants.)
TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1 F (Chad has no mineral deposits.)
2 F (The southeast of Africa has several HEP projects.)
3 T
4 F (They are found also in Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria and the Congo.) 5 F (Iron ores are most widely found.)
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version：
The ants never settle down. Their migrations are not just a passage to a new site where food is more abundant but a constant cycle, unchangeable and quite separate from all factors except the appearance, growth, and hatching of the brood. Every thirty or forty days, depending on the species, the hugebellied queen lays a vast batch of eggs. The whole egg mass consisting of sometwentyfive to thirtyfive thousand eggs is produced within two days. The colony has stopped marching two or three days before this event and remains resting, hunting for food locally and tending the newborn larvae which quickly hatch from the eggs, until towards the middle or end of the third week the vast mass of cocoons from the preceding generation begin to hatch out. This coming of new adults, both worker and soldier, into their ranks sets off the march stage of the cycle. Within two or three days they are off — the whole colony is on the move. For ten to eighteen days they march and hunt, forming only temporary burrows each night. Then as the queen fattens again with eggs they stop and the cycle starts again. Year in year out, the mode goes on — march, rest, march, rest, never more than three and a half weeks in any single spot.
K 73COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ Spelling
1 whisper2 energetic3 rustle4 anguish 5 seize6 exhilarate7 unconscious8 muscles
9 skeleton10 conqueror11 incredulously12 interfere
Ⅱ Dictation
A beaver could not live without his strong front teeth. These cutting tools never get blunt, because they sharpen themselves. That sounds hard to believe, but the selfsharpening is really very simple, and entirely automatic. It is like this： the front sides of a beaver's four front teeth are covered with very hard, orangecoloured enamel. Behind that hard enamel the rest of the front teeth is made of a much softer bonelike material called “dentine”. These teeth do hard work a great deal of the time, and they are continually wearing away. As the beaver chews, the soft dentine behind wears away much faster than the hard enamel in front. So on the front edge of the teeth there is always a thin cutting edge of hard enamel, a little longer than the rest of the tooth. But a beaver's teeth are also continually growing up from the bottom as they are being ground down from the top. As a result, they stay much the same length all the time — and they always stay sharp.
Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
A 1 mosquitoes are found everywhere, all over the world; everybody is acquainted with
them.
2 only female mosquitoes
3 1) uses sensors to find victim
2) uses sensors to test body moisture, body warmth and chemical substances in the sweat 4 1) breaks skin with proboscis tip (tip of mouth) 2) stabs stylets into skin 3) sucks blood
5 rests, lays eggs 6 no longer around
7 eggs hatch in or near water
8 male mosquitoes may pollinate flowers C Reference version：
Mosquitoes need human blood to help them to reproduce. That is how we are unfortunately involved — we get bitten by them.
K 74Ⅳ Translation
A 1 They had been waiting in anguish until the news came that the police had rescued their kidnapped daughter.
2 The emotional old man opened the letter his son sent him from overseas. The harder he tried to control his trembling hands, the more trembling they became.
3 They saved the sheep from the grip of the wolf, but it hurt them very badly to see the wounded sheep writhing in pain.
4 He ran all the way to the railway station without stopping; and when he arrived there, he was out of breath with sweat trickling down his cheeks.
5 A sudden downpour sent the pedestrians scurrying for shelter in the stores along the streets. 6 Seeing the wounded buffalo struggling in pain under the attack of the lions, the hunter shot it dead out of pity.
7 Although their experiments failed again and again, their enthusiasm, instead of ebbing away, was rising.
8 It never occurred to them that their new partner was such a mean person. A swelling feeling of rage and despise rose in them when they met again.
9 Although he was well prepared, he felt an involuntary chill on his back at the thought of fighting in the boxing ring with the world champion.
10 When the doctor told him that it was only a minor operation that would take no more than an hour, there was an incredulous look on his face. B Reference version：
Zhao Ying had been in bed for hours. She could not go to sleep, because she was so excited by all the different things she had seen that day. She sat up suddenly. She was sure somebody was walking around the room. She stared into the darkness. No one. She lay down again and listened hard.
“Who's that?” she called, her heart thumping.
It was not her imagination. Once more she thought she heard the sound of a foot on the wooden floor. She was so frightened that she was unable to say anything. She peered around the room and could make out nothing but the familiar shapes of the furniture. She drew in her breath as terror
seized her. It came into her mind that the house might be haunted. She switched on the light and jumped out of bed.
Zhao Ying had hardly got to the door when out of one of her shoes leapt an enormous rat. Zhao Ying's fear dissolved in anger.
K 75Ⅴ Blank Filling
A 1 flash 2 roll 3 row4 bunch 5 cake ／ bar6 bar7 item8 sheet
9 lump10 piece ／ slice11 slice ／ piece ／ lump12 pack 13 suite14 suit15 loaf ／ slice ／ piece16B (1) flowers(2) finds(3) hive(4) communicates (5) dances(6) discovery(7) First(8) circle (9) by(10) away(11) round(12) nearby
(13) smell(14) flower(15) watching(16) smelling (17) dance(18) end(19) moves(20) tailwagging (21) ten(22) source(23) shows(24) in
(25) tailwagging(26) food(27) three(28) far (29) direction(30) flowers C (1) A(2) C(3) D(4) C (5) B(6) B(7) C(8) B (9) A(10) C(11) A(12) B (13) C(14) D(15) D D (1) in anguish (2) gives no promise of (3) except
(4) it came into my mother's mind (5) fancied
(6) terror had suddenly seized (7) a pack of wolves (8) reminds (9) exhilarating (10) recognizable
(11) taking no notice of (12) recognizable
(13) draw in my breath (14) fairminded
(15) swelling feeling of anger, misery and protest (16) even thenⅥ A 1 cool, chilly, freezing 2 beautiful, goodlooking, attractive 3 new, in good condition 4 agony, pain, misery 5 fury, anger
6 grab, take by force 7 cease, end
swarm 8 odour, scent
9 arrogant, haughty 10 living
11 slay, murder 12 beast, creature 13 dread, fright
K 7614 emotion, sensation 15 hasten, be quick 16 look, stare
17 school, flock, herd, pack, etc 18 form, figure
19 rapid, quick, speedy, hasty, fast 20 glitter, glisten, shine
B 1 speaks from experience 2 behaves as if he knows everything 3 be wellinformed
4 be considerate enough not 5 knows what he wants 6 know what is what
7 knows exactly what to do
8 is well aware of what is good for him 9 be fully informed 10 am sure
11 know what to do
12 knows about trouble through his own experiences
Unit 8
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
A Answers for reference：
1 The writer does not indicate that the ice sheet will one day melt. As a matter of fact, he uses the past tense to express the unreal condition contrary to present facts. He only claims what would happen if it melted now.
2 Antarctica is actually a vast ice sheet with an area of 5,500,000 square miles, which has an average thickness of 7,000 feet. It “radiates ... world”. Its size and appearance suggest to the writer that it is not only the largest but also the most spectacular natural phenomenon on earth. 3 He means “sometimes there is no wind”. 4 The similarities：
1) Both are at the ends of the earth's axis, one in the north and the other in the south.
2) Both occupy a vast area of the earth and are covered with a thick layer of ice and snow. 3) Both are cold all the year round.
4) At both for nearly half a year the sun never sets and for the other half of the year there is utter darkness.
The differences：
1) Geographical position：
The Arctic is closely surrounded by the populated continents of Europe, America and Asia; while the Antarctic is isolated, separated from the nearest land by vast stretches of rough seas. 2) Climate：
The Arctic region has a cold winter and a warm period of sunshine lasting up to two months. The temperature falls below freezing for the winter months, but it is above freezing for at least one month of the year. In Antarctica, however, winter is almost continuous and the ice sheet which covers the continent is 7,000 feet thick. There is no month which is free from frost, and even the summer mean temperature is below freezing point. Winter temperature can be as low as －88℃. Southerly winds of great speed are common. 3) Rainfall
In the Arctic region, there is a slight summer rainfall, which is replaced by snow in winter, amounting to an annual precipitation of 250300mm(1012 inches), but in the Antarctic, rain never falls.
4) Vegetation
In the Arctic, there are brightlycoloured wild flowers in summer, and some bushes. In the Antarctic there is very little soil cover. There are no trees and few other plants. Lichens and mosses cover the rock faces. K 825) Animals
In the Arctic, on the scanty growth of moss, reindeer and musk flourish; hares, foxes and wolves also dwell on land, and polar bears, seals live on sea products; birds are seen in summer though rarely seen in winter; while in the Antarctic, whales, seals and penguins visit the seas and shore, and many sea birds nest there in summer. 6) Population
In the Arctic region, the native inhabitants are Eskimos whose numbers are increasing with modern development, but in Antarctica, there are no permanent inhabitants, though there are research stations. 5 The writer thinks that even today it is doubtful whether man will be able to occupy Antarctica because of
1) its unfavourable natural conditions a isolated geographical location b extreme cold weather c practically no plant life
2) the lack of the basic essentials for life a rainfall b warmth
c a degree of stillness, ie, sometimes without wind
6 The writer means that in the north of the Arctic Circle we can find many countries： such as the USSR, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Alaska, a state which belongs to the United States. Tens of thousands of families live comfortably all the year round, and lead a normal life in spite of the fact that they are in the Arctic Circle.
B Reference version：
1 We learn from the astronauts that if we look “down” from space, we will find the most conspicuous ／ outstanding characteristic of Earth to be the thick layer of ice which is Antarctica, which sends light over the southernmost part of the southern hemisphere.
2 One hundred and sixty years ago, however, nobody had ever seen this enormous continent, and had certainly not walked on it. Even today whether we can occupy it or not is still uncertain. Further, we know relatively little about it.
3 The differences between the Arctic and the Antarctic are greater than the similarities. (or, There are more differences than similarities between the Arctic and Antarctic.) The Arctic is tightly surrounded by the continents of Europe, America and Asia where there are permanent populations; whereas the Antarctic is unconnected to anywhere else, separated from the nearest land by vast areas of the world's roughest seas.
4 Under such conditions, a person could only stand for a few seconds, and that was by leaning forward to form an angle of 45° with the ground.
5 It is not surprising that although man did not hesitate to explore and take possession of most of the earth in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the continent in the far south was left untouched.
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
Answers for reference：K 831 SectionsMain Ideas1 Paragraph 1The shape of the earth — not completely round, but flattened at the Poles2 Paragraph 2The three layers that make up the earth
1) a central core
2) a surrounding layer of compressed rock
3) a thin layer of soft rock3 Paragraphs 37The centre of the earth
1 interior — liquid metal — proved by the behaviour of earthquakes 2 very high temperature at the centre (3,000°F—11，000°F)2
TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1 F (There are seventy species.) 2 T
K 843 F (The passage only claims that they are thought to be intelligent, but does not say they are thought to be as intelligent as human beings.) 4 T
5 F (This is not stated in the text, but whales can dive to enormous depths without suffering from the bends.)
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination
Reference version：
At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent, Antarctica, still wrapped in the Ice Age and until recent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass crisscrossed by mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain.
Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centred roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world — the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre; thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions. More than a million people live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia — a region rich in forest and mining industries. Apart from a number of research stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ Spelling
1 average2 lantern3 phenomenon 4 astronaut5 Antarctica6 continent 7 appreciate8 lichens9 disintegrate 10 cushion11 obscure12 characteristic
Ⅱ Dictation
The Antarctic is a continent of great size — equal almost to Europe and Australia put together — yet it has no permanent inhabitants. Only those who man weather stations and the bases from which parties of explorers set out live there. Some go only for one year, many for two, but never longer, unless the ship which is to bring them out cannot reach their base. In that event they must make the best of it and settle down to another year's work.
Of all this vast continent only about one per cent is exposed rock; all the rest is covered with a mantle of snow and ice, which varies from a few feet to as much as two miles in depth. In all there are over five million square miles covered with ice, and this huge area has a tremendous cooling effect on the air which moves over it. It is true to say that the Antarctic controls the weather of the southern half of the world.
K 85Ⅲ Listening Comprehension A Date： Monday, 14th October, 1968 Time： 10∶59 a.m.
Place： Meckering, Western Australia Weather： a miserable, rainy day
Description of the earthquake： doors and window rattling, lights swaying, furniture moving dreadful roaring, rumbling sound, ground trembling and shaking. Duration： 40 seconds
Strength of the earthquake： 68 on the Richter scale
Damage： 1 House — all the houses damaged 2 Town — 75% reduced to rubble
3 People — 20 people hurt, none seriously
The Richter scale： developed in 1930s by an American scientist, a scale used to measure the strength of earthquakes.
Suggestion： What is Provided here is one of the reference versions. So ideally, “for reference only” need to be marked out.
Ⅳ Translation
A 1 I can't drive a car, let alone fly an airplane.
2 The Arctic is populated with people of different nationalities. (The Antarctic, in contrast,) has no permanent residents because the climate there is unfavourable to human survival.
3 Although she felt like a normal person after the heart surgery, the doctor insisted that she should go to the hospital for examination every other day.
4 Small wonder they lost the games time and again; they had been out of training for quite some time.
5 I am inclined to think that there will be strong opposition to our reform plan among quite many board members.
6 The employees of the company at all levels think of their new manager as farsighted, resourceful and highly competitive.
7 No matter who he is or where he is from, we cannot condone anyone's behaviour that is injurious to social order.
8 Those who claimed to have set eyes on the mysterious savage in the forest all affirmed that the most distinctive feature of the savage was its huge size.
9 As regards the quality of the drinking water on that small island, the explorers who set foot on the island reported that it was sweet, pleasant and refreshing.
10 As far as the business profits are concerned, the main drawback of the publication of academic treatises is that they usually do not sell well, with an average number of only several hundred copies for each printing. K 86B Reference version：
Venus, the most brilliant planet in the solar system, is about the same size as Earth. It is closer to the sun than any other planet except Mercury. While its average distance from Earth is nearly 93 million miles, its path brings Venus closer to Earth than any other heavenly body except the moon. Because of the yellowish layer of clouds that continually obscures the planet, scientists long tended to believe that Venus was very humid and fertile and that living things were able to survive and live in comfort there. In 1962, however, the U. S. spacecraft Mariner Ⅱ sent back information that the surface of Venus was dry, sandy, and hot.
Since then the science of astronomy has made great strides. It has been confirmed that Venus has temperatures as high as 536°F， almost equal to the melting point of lead, and is covered with layers of carbon dioxide. Dense clouds prevent sunlight from reaching its surface. In this environment, no plant life that we know of could exist. One newspaper science editor wrote：“Any dream that Venus was a steamy, rainsoaked marshland ... has vanished.”
Ⅴ Blank Filling
A 1 1) melting2) melts, melted 3) melted 2 1) Frozen2) Freezing3) froze4) freeze 3 1) rest, resting2) rest3) the rest
4 1) warm ／ warmed2) warming3) warm4) warmth 5 1) describe2) description3) descriptive
6 1) incline2) inclined3) am inclined4) inclination 7 1) occurrence2) occurred3) occurred 8 1) injured2) injurious3) injury4) injured
9 1) explore2) explorer3) exploration4) exploratory 10 1) winter2) winter3) wintry B 1 polar2 behaviour
3 Disappearance, newly4 catastrophic 5 reportedly6 dependence
7 basically8 melting, melting, floating
K 87C (1) more(2) except(3) day(4) steadily (5) to(6) light(7) dark(8) between
(9) view(10) moon(11) quarters(12) order D (1) B(2) B(3) A(4) B (5) B(6) C(7) B(8) B (9) D(10) B(11) A(12) A (13) D(14) B
E (1) being hemmed in(2) populated landmasses (3) most tempestuous seas(4) in splendid isolation (5) were inclined(6) a handful of (7) were described as(8) in length
(9) at times(10) spectacular phenomenon (11) set eyes on(12) of this sort (13) let alone(14) hauled up (15) As regards(16) regarded as (17) at speed(18) Small wonder (19) think of ... as(20) injurious to (21) in contrast(22) remain inviolate (23) common occurrence
Unit 9
TEXT Ⅰ
Comprehension
A Answers for reference：
1 It is set before the arrival in town of the central figure, Kino. Kino is going to sell his newlyfound Pearl of the World.
2 Kino is a poor fisherman who lives in a brush house. He has a child. He is in great need of
money because his child has been stung by a scorpion and needs treatment. He is eager to sell the pearl to get money to pay for medical treatment of the sting.
3 The shopkeepers are concerned about their business which has not been brisk, so there are a lot of men's clothes in stock. When they learn that Kino has found a valuable pearl, they think of Kino as a possible buyer of the men's clothes. Steinbeck tells us about the shopkeepers as an illustration of the effect of Kino's find on other people.
4 The doctor “grew stern and judicious at the same time” and his “eyes rolled up a little in their fat hammocks,” which suggests that he is immediately aware of what treating Kino's child might mean for him. He thinks of Paris, recalling his room there as “a great and luxurious place” and imagines himself eating and drinking in a Parisian restaurant. The writer gives the reader this description to remind us that doctors whose work is curing people can be as moneyoriented and pleasureseeking as anyone else. This acts as a statement about “human nature”. 5 The writer prepares the stage for the battle by telling us that the pearl buyers were experienced in bargaining with and “beating down” the pearl sellers. As Kino is presumably eager to get as much money as possible because of his child, the reader is likely to be looking forward with interest to the meeting of the two parties. 6 The “people with things to sell” include： 1) the priest (who sells spiritual comfort) 2) the shopkeepers (who sell men's clothes) 3) the doctor (who sells his medical skill)
The “people with favours to ask” include： 1) the beggars in front of the church 2) the other poor fishers 3) people who are ill
7 The sentence can be interpreted as： The combination of the inestimable value of pearl and the fundamental human vice — greed — resulted in evil intentions and malicious plots. The writer wants to show that when people are obsessed with the idea of money, they are very likely to do evil things.
B Reference version：
1 The mothers had already learned the news before their sons could stammer it out.
2 The news spread from one brush house to another and continued to travel fast into the town. 3 When the doctor realized that Kino was the man who had asked for his help, he became both serious (about the treatment) and wise ／ clever (about how he could gain).
K 924 For a moment the doctor's eyes were focussed on nothing as his thoughts turned to Paris.
5 The news caused a profound “negative force” to be at work in the town. This could be compared to a scorpion, which causes pain, or the hunger created by the smell of food, or feeling of loneliness which comes when love is refused. 6 What acted as the “venomproducing bag” of the town, i.e., the increasing selfinterest in the townspeople, began to create poison which afflicted the whole town with a negative force.
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
1 F (This was not the reason. The reason is that gold had religious significance to them. King Tutankhamun, like other ancient Egyptians, worshipped gold and was buried in a gold coffin.) 2 F (Copper and silver, for example, can do the same.)
3 F (There must have been fierce competition, since “the olny rule ［at that time］ was exercised by the mob with a rope”.)
4 F (Wooden floors in some Italian jewellers” workshops may contain tiny flecks of gold.) 5 T 6 T
TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1 B2 A3 B4 C5 A6 C
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version：
Pearls are made by certain kinds of oysters, clams, and mussels, all of which are called molluscs. The pearl is actually composed of the material with which a mollusc coats an irritating particle that it cannot get rid of. This irritant may be a piece of broken shell, a parasite that has bored through the shell, or even a tiny grain of sand. The material the mollusc keeps layering onto the particle to keep it from being an irritation is motherofpearl. As many layers of motherofpearl are built up, a pearl is made. Natural pearls are found rarely, and large natural pearls even more rarely.
However, people have discovered how to produce cultured pearls. To produce a cultured pearl, a smooth, round piece of motherofpearl is skilfully set into the living tissue of a pearl oyster. Then the oyster is returned to the water where it will stay for 3 to 5 years. The cultured pearls are less expensive than natural ones, but only an expert can tell the difference between them. K 93Most of the oysters that are chosen for making cultured pearls are gathered on specially roughened netting lowered from rafts and the young oysters settle onto the netting.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ Spelling
1 vibrate2 priest3 judicious4 residue 5 schemes6 giggle7 essence8 squint
9 competition10 patron11 threaten12 despair
Ⅱ Dictation
When Kino and his wife came to the water's edge they stopped and stared out over the Gulf. And then Kino laid the rifle down, and he dug among his clothes, and then he held the great pearl in his hand. He looked into its surface. Evil faces peered from it into his eyes. And in the surface of the pearl he saw the frantic eyes of the man in the pool. And in the surface of the pearl he saw his son
lying in the little cave with the top of his head shot away. Kino's hand shook a little, and he turned slowly to his wife and held the pearl out to her. She looked at the pearl in his hand for a moment and then she looked into Kino's eyes. Kino drew back his arm and flung the pearl with all his might. Kino and his wife watched it go, winking and glimmering under the setting sun. The pearl settled into the lovely green water and dropped toward the bottom.
Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
A 1 B2 C3 B4 D5 C6 B7 D
Ⅳ Translation
A 1 I really doubt if the treated drinking water will truly provide sufficient minerals that are essential to human health.
2 As to how the splendid Maya Culture disappeared all of a sudden from the earth, it remains a mystery hard to solve. 3 When it was made plain that it was a big rat that had caused the breakdown of the transmission system, we all felt relieved. Soon the system was brought to its normal operation. 4 He was almost driven to despair when he learned that he was considered too old to take part in the space voyage. He had spent three years preparing for this longdreamedof trip.
5 The trip turned out to be a disaster, for the only means of transport available in that area were donkeys. We spend most of our time joggling on the backs of these animals, almost stifled by the heat and swirling dust.
K 946 He was not a very popular professor among the students because he would invariably wander off his topic during the course of his lecture and drag the class into the time for break.
7 The prominent collector declared that his collection included some invaluable paintings that no one could afford to buy.
8 To save the life of the little boy stung by a scorpion, the villagers used all the means and ways available to reduce the effect of poisoning.
9 The annual Ice Sculpture Festival in this town attracted all manner of people from all over the country.
10 Some countries were reduced to extreme poverty brought forth by war and natural disasters. For that matter, a U.N. official insisted that developed countries should take their responsibility to make new contributions to the economic development of the developing countries. B Reference version：
“Toot, toot, toot ...” The car swept on past the villages, and the inhabitants were puzzled. The mountain villages seldom had visitors. When it was finally made plain who had come, the villagers, old and young, were all excited — small boys scrambled and darted, shouting; old men followed, panting; young girls ran, giggling, all coming to see the car.
Sensing the excitement, old Mack, the driver, now the owner of a gold mine, felt proud. His eyes rolled up a little at the thought of his success.
Twenty years ago he was a poor farmer. As a father of three children, he could hardly make both ends meet. When he heard of the gold in the north, his eyes had brightened and his fingertips burned a little. He decided to go and start a new life. Since he left the village, there had been different stories about him. Some said that he had died in a mine explosion. Now he had come back as a gold mine owner. The villagers longed to know about his adventures.
Ⅴ Blank Filling
A 1 on2 in3 off4 out
5 up, up with6 through7 down8 by 9 away10 in11 on12 out
13 up with14 off15 on 16 across
B (1) content(2) Thus (3) subjects(4) preparation (5) be(6) for(7) to(8) California
(9) migrants(10) search(11) possible(12) trips (13) conditions(14) which(15) for(16) articles (17) achieved(18) awarded(19) highest(20) field C (1) D(2) B(3) C(4) A (5) C(6) D(7) A(8) B (9) D(10) A(11) B(12) C (13) A(14) D(15) D
K 95D (1) town of stone and plaster(2) were alike (3) aged(4) gave alms
(5) give a semblance of(6) washed (7) foaming waves(8) take his place (9) related to(10) playing with
(11) thoughtful look in his eyes(12) evil wish (13) stirred up(14) infinitely wicked (15) nobody ... as(16) stands in the way (17) rolled up(18) squinted
(19) It was made plain(20) In despair (21) darted(22) panting
(23) strangle out(24) All manner of
Ⅵ 1 A2 D3 A4 B5 C6 B 7 D8 D9 A10 B11 C12 A 13 C14 D15 A16 B17 B18 B 19 C20 B21 B22 C
Unit 10
TEXT I
Comprehension
A Answers for reference:
1 The title indicates that there is a connection between the three roles. Every musical situation implies three distinct roles: a composer, an interpreter, and a listener. They form a trio—an inseparable group of three. No part is complete without the other. Music begins with a composer, passes through the medium of an interpreter and ends with the listener. Each role in its own way plays an important part—contributing to the sum total of the musical experience.
2 1) The composer is the maker of music. With his creative labour, music comes into being. 2) The interpreter is a kind of middleman in music. He exists to serve the composer—to assimilate and recreate the composer's “message”. Without him, there is no communication or understanding between the composer and the listener.
3) The listener is the receiver of music. Without the intelligent listener, the combined efforts of the composer and the interpreter would be meaningless. The listener is the one who determines whether a piece of music can really be alive or not.
3 A composer of any value must give us the quintessential part of himself—that part which embodies the fullest and deepest expression of himself as a man and of his experience as a fellow being. He gives us his particular personality, his own value and his superior quality as a man.
An ideal interpreter is an artist who understands fully the musical style of a composer's work and reproduces the composer's thoughts faithfully. Under no circumstances should he forget his obligation—he is a bridge, so to speak, between the composer and the listener. Not only must he have technical proficiency but also the ability to use his musical intelligence to interpret the composition. On no account will he betray the essentials of any piece of music.
An intelligent listener must really love music in order to understand it. To have an ear for music, he must involve himself in it. By unprejudiced listening to music of all schools and all periods, old and new, conservative and modern, he tries to broaden his taste. He must develop his taste by intelligent practice and listen to all sorts of music intently, consciously and with his whole intelligence.
4 The written words of a play are not directly consumed by a reader as are the words in a short story. A play is written to be performed. In other words, the writing must first be interprcted by a director, then reinterpreted, that is, performed by actors. Each participant will add something to the work according to their own interpretation. Ultimately what the audience will see is strongly influenced by the talents and skills of a great many people other than the playwright himself. The same is true of music. A composer's work must be interpreted by the conductor, and reinterpreted by the particular artist who plays the instrument and the singers—soprano, tenor, baritone or bass. Without the interpretation of the artists, neither theatre nor music can live.
5 An interpretive artist is a being with his own musical nature, his own personality, and with a background different from that of any other interpreter. Some interpreters, while interpreting music, just play the notes specified, that is, they keep very strictly to the notes without adding anything, but others may stray too far away from the notes and put in or take away a significant amount. No accomplished interpreter, in fact, can possibly play a piece of music without adding something of his or her own personality because interpreters are not automatons. When they perform, they perform in their own individual way.
6 Suppose there are two famous interpreters with totally different personalities. They will probably think differently and their philosophy of life will probably be different. One conductor is a classicist, the other is a romanticist. It is taken for granted that in handling the same notes, their interpretations will vary considerably. The first conductor will stress the classical side of the music and in the second conductor's hands, every ounce of romanticism that the symphony contains will be extracted to the full. Different interpreters will thus have different emphases. B Reference version:
1 He gives us not what is happening outside himself but the deepest, most essential expression of himself as a person and member of the human race.
2 If a composer wants to be in any way a great artist, he must have his own individuality. This may be very important or not important at all but as far as significant music is concerned, it will reflect that individuality.
3 His personality may include many human weaknesses, as did Lully's and Wagner's, but excellence in his music will still stem from those aspects of his personality which are excellent. 4 A composer's style is formed from the interrelationship between his personality and his own period.
5 There is no need to argue about the part that an interpreter plays.
6 Most contemporary firstclass musicians have instruments which are very satisfactory for them to meet any challenge in a composition.
7 The musical notation cannot be the exact transcription of a composer's thought both because it is ambiguous and because it provides freedom for personal taste and choice. 8 The joint efforts of composer and interpreter have significance only when they are appreciated by listeners who understand music.(or, Whether the joint efforts of composer and interpreter have meaning or not depends on whether they are understood by a number of sensible listeners.)
K 1039 That shows that the listener is dutybound to fully appreciate or understand music.
10 By that piece of wit, he undoubtedly wanted to suggest that only when a listener becomes truly concerned about music will he be of interest and value both to music and its composers.
TEXT Ⅱ
Comprehension
Answers for reference：Form of musicCharacteristics1 Bluesdepressed, unhappy2 Ragtime1 similar to jazz in many ways
2 most of the players white3 Swing1 imitates the “unprepared” character of jazz 2 attaches it to big bands and orchestrations4 Jazz1 not to be analyzed 2 uncertain as to where it got its name 3 began with the black people 4 fast, heavily rhythmic TEXT Ⅲ
Comprehension
1 F (The pop fans were not villagers; they were intending to come to the village from somewhere else.) 2 T
3 F (The councillor thought that rain could.)
4 F (Presumably they did not like pop music; they also objected to large numbers of strange people in their village.) 5 T
GUIDED WRITING
Sentence Combination Reference version:
Music is an art that almost everyone enjoys. Everyone can make a sound in some way—by singing, banging a stick, plucking a tight string, or blowing through a pipe. All over the world many kinds of music have developed as people found out how to make a sound in different ways. There are so many kinds of music to hear that you can soon find a kind that you like. As you get older you can explore music, finding more and more music that interests you. K 104People can get all kinds of feelings from hearing music. Music can make you want to march or dance, it can make you feel happy or sad. More than other arts, music can affect our moods and feelings and this is why music is so popular. But if you get to know music well, you may also be able to hear the ways in which the music is composed. The best and most lasting music can do both these things to its listeners—it should have an effect on their feelings and it should have interesting patterns of sound.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES
Ⅰ Spelling
1 mature2 vague3 sculptor4 exterior
5 unprejudiced6 assimilate7 sufficient8 architect 9 mirror10 literally11 interpreter12 distinguish
Ⅱ Dictation
Today's composers are experimenting in many different ways. Many use electronic as well as ordinary instruments. Some other composers are trying to use features of popular music in various new ways.
The music of these composers is mostly to be heard in concert halls. There are, however, other kinds of modern music that are heard more widely and are generally called popular music. One of the most interesting kinds of the popular music of this century is jazz. Jazz contains a large amount of improvisation; that is, most of the music is made up as it goes along. It also has a very strong beat. Neither of these features is found in classical music.
Rock music became popular at the end of the 1950s. It comes from some styles of jazz. Rock uses electric guitars and high amplification to produce a new and very loud sound that many young people find very exciting.
One of the newest developments in modern music is the synthesizer. This instrument can produce a wide range of new sounds by electronics. It can even imitate ordinary instruments. But audiences will probably prefer to see and hear music made by people rather than by machines.
Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
A 1 F (Beethoven and Mozart lived in the same age.)
2 F (Beethoven's father was a drunkard, but was also a musician.) 3 T
4 F (Mozart was astounded when Beethoven improvised on a melody Mozart had given him.) 5 F (Beethoven was a man of strange appearance, untidily dressed, with dark piercing eyes.)
6 F (Goethe, the great German poet, called Beethoven an “utterly untamed personality”.) 7 T
8 F (Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is the most popular of all his symphonies.) K 105
Ⅳ Translation
A 1 We need not have subscribed to the Yahoo Internet service, because the university did the subscription free of charge for its faculty and postgraduate students a week ago.
2 I simply had no idea of whom my grandmother was referring to when she was talking about a young man with glasses from her neighbourhood who bought her a train ticket with his own money and walked her onto the train.
3 His situation was desperate as he was now left to the tender mercies of his creditors. 4 The president declared resolutely that these regulations applied to everyone without exception, be it a teacher, student or administrator.
5 The boy confronted his teacher's accusation with a firm voice and denied the charge that he had cheated in the final exam.
6 Cultural traditions have a strong binding power. For example, many Westerners keep to the custom of getting married only in June.
7 In the era of market economy, the concept of “Consumer First” should be reinforced by the manufacturer.
8 “The style is the man,” as the saying goes. I believe that a writer's personality is, to a large extent, embodied in his or her style of writing.
9 In this country, convention allows women to wear skirts, but not trousers, to say nothing of jeans.
10 Not all people think alike. Take architecture for example. People may see a building in a different light and from different angles. Some may appreciate its exterior appearance and others appreciate more about its interior decoration. B Reference version：
To be a good teacher, you must realize that some of the qualities of the good actor are of importance. It is insufficient to possess only the knowledge of the field you are teaching. You must be able to make your “audience” really involve themselves. You must speak clearly, in a good, strong, pleasing voice which is fully under your control. And you must be able to act out what you are teaching in order to make your meaning clear.
Watch a good teacher and you will see that he or she does not sit motionless in front of the class, but rather stands the whole time, often walking about, using his or her arms, hands and fingers to help explain, and facial expressions to show feelings. K 106The fact that some of the gifts of a good actor are of value to a good teacher does not, however, mean that a teacher will indeed be able to teach well on the platform, for there are many important differences between the teacher's work and the actor's.
Ⅴ Blank Filling
A (1) musical(2) sang(3) quiet (4) song (5) answers(6) beginning(7) music(8) imitate (9) thunder(10) made(11) song(12) Although (13) plays(14) affects(15) poor(16) feel
(17) modern(18) almost(19) radio(20) around (21) different(22) some(23) comes(24) evening (25) afternoon(26) belongs B (1) B(2) D(3) D(4) C (5) A(6) C(7) A(8) B (9) D(10) B(11) D(12) C (13) B(14) A(15) D
C (1) so much ... as(2) resulted in (3) to a certain extent(4) For one thing (5) testified to(6) possibly
(7) make strict demands(8) applied (9) allowed for(10) in regard to (11) spoke ... of(12) referring to
(13) the quintessential part of himself(14) is made up of (15) on the part of(16) was of great importance (17) in the whole process of(18) selfevident
(19) were confronted with(20) allowed for a great leeway (21) see ... in a different light(22) keep to (23) overlooking(24) was open to (25) a matter of(26) in so far as
(27) to the tender mercies(28) derived from (29) In the furtherance(30) is of real value
Ⅵ A 1 “I'll certainly help you,” was the next line in the melodrama “I'll never marry you,” was the next line in the melodrama. 2. This is a very interesting book.
No book I've read is more interesting than this one. 3. The biologist is visiting the hospital. The biologist is a patient.
K 1074. He always bought eggs in groups of twelve. (or, He always bought lots of eggs.) He always bought twelve eggs. 5. My son has eaten a piece of cake. My son has eaten one whole cake. 6. I have a daughter, not a son.
I have only one daughter, not two daughters.
7. Some doctors are examining their chests(=part of the body).
The Customs people are examining the chests(=large boxes) which belong to them. 8. She gave me some help with my work. She gave me almost no help with my work.
B 1 Only a very great artist could have made that sculpture. 2. It seems unlikely that we shall/will have another concert this winter. 3. You like that piece of music more than I do.
4. It's three days since I had anything of any artistic merit to listen to.
5. He made a terrible mistake when he said/by saying that a composition was/is a static thing. 6. Despite his deafness, Beethoven still composed with all his heart.
7. This was the first time (that) he had ever had any idea about the creative work of a composer. 8. What a pity she (had) (has) changed her opinion in regard to his singing.
9. His way of making indications makes it difficult (for people) to understand his musical notation.
10. Henry's musical equipment cost (him) a lot of money.
11. The older he grows, the more mature his personality becomes.
12. While the music was being performed, they kept applauding vigorously.
13. It can be taken for granted that you have permission to/may use the school piano any time you want to compose. K 10814. Not only did he listen to music of all schools and all periods, he (also) composed music himself.
15. It's time we were at the theatre.
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