词汇学考试整理

词汇学整理

⼀、选择题25 题 25分

1.从规约⾛向描述的⾥程碑词典是：OED2.同义词的特征？（）

Synonymous word group a common denotative component brings the words together.3.习语的特征？

Idioms are usually semantically opaque and are characterized by structural invariability.4.古代英语

Archaic words are words no longer in common use, however they are retained for special purpose, they are sometimesemployed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and prose, (marked arch. Or aic. ) whereasobsolete words just refer to the words completely out of current use . marked obs. (olete.) or dated in a dictionary.5.语境的分类

Linguistic (or verbal )contexts or extra-linguistic （or nonverbal）can determine the meanings of words, esp. those ofpolysemous words.(or verbal )contexts:Lexical context,

Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.(see the examples of \"make \" on )Grammatical context,

In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.(see the examples of \"take \" in various settings on )However, it is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of agiven word.(see the examples concerning the different meanings of the same pattern \"get+n.\" on )Verbal context

The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passag , or even an entire book, and in some cases even theentire social or cultural setting, as stated at the beginning of the chapter.context of situation:

1)The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs.(see the example of \"operation\" on2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event has to be set (see the example of\"peasant\" and \"farmer\" on

6.?两个单词有相同的部分，根据什么来猜意义？Componential analysis and semantic features7.理据？

Motivation can be classified into three types:1) Phonetic motivation;

Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.2) Morphological motivation;

We say that the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structureof the word and its meaning.

If we know the meaning of the affix and the base, then we can immediately the meaning of this word.3) Semantic motivation.

Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors

The figurative usage can provide semantic motivation; the figurative meaning can be readily understood by those who knowthe literal meaning.8.研究多义的两个⽅法

They are : 1) diachronic ; 历时⾓度2) synchronic.共时⾓度1) diachronic

The study of the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or the study of how the semantic structure of a wordhas developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state, . with derived meaning springing from the originalmeaning. This way of study is called diachronic approaches.(primary meaning and the present polysemic meaning )Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the centralmeaning and secondary meaning.9.习语的⽂体特征？Stylistic feature

Most idioms are stylistically neutral, but quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English.A few idioms suggest a dignified and elevated tone, and are used on formal occasions, .Some idioms phrases are slangy.

Stylistic feature of idioms, however, are constantly shifting, and what is slang today may informal tomorrow.10.词义变化的内部要素（原因）？Linguistic cause: (P172-175)

Change of meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in a linguistic system; towards ellipsis and towardanalogy.

Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collection, such as adjective +noun, or attributive noun +noun, in which the noun is deleted and only the first element (the attributive) is left, but retaining the sense of the wholephrase.

The analogical tendency is also constantly at work. New meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to otherparts of speech from the same lexical base. 11.词素的分类？

12.修辞?

明喻Simile： It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality orcharacteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the qualitywe associate with one to the other 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进⾏对⽐，表明本体(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)之间的相似关系，两者都在对⽐中出现。常⽤⽐喻词 like, as, as if, as though 等

2) Metaphor：(暗喻） It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two

unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）这种⽐喻不通过⽐喻词进⾏，⽽是直接将⽤事物当作⼄事物来描写，甲⼄两

事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and centerof the store.

3) Analogy: (类⽐） It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on onepoint of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points ofresemblance.

4) Personification: (拟⼈） It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life

and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(⽆⽣命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).拟⼈（personification）这种修辞⽅法是把⼈类的特点、特性加于外界

事物之上，使之⼈格化，以物拟⼈，以达到彼此交融，合⼆为⼀。

5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 夸张（hyperbole）这是运⽤丰富的想象，过激的⾔词，渲染和装饰客观

事物，以达到强调的效果。 1、My blood froze. 我的⾎液都凝固了。

6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement.

It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader moreby what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.

7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(⽆冒犯) expression for one that may offend orsuggest something unpleasant. For instance,we refer to \"die\" as” pass away\".

8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution

of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但⼜密不可分，因⽽常⽤其中⼀种事物名称代替另⼀种。

9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 提喻（synecdoche）⼜称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。

1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是⽤⽯头和⼟建造的，⽽且是⽤⼏百万⼈的⾎和⾁建成的。

句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨⼤的牺牲） For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. Shewas dressed in silks.

10）Antonomasia (换喻/替代） It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequentuse. In?,?antonomasia?is a

substitution of any??or phrase for a proper name. The reverse process is also sometimes called antonomasia. Antonomasiais a particular form of?. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning

of words. 双关语（pun）是以⼀个词或词组，⽤巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合

起来，以取得⼀种诙谐有趣的效果。Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, or I am,” he declared. “Both，sir!” criedthe Swede proudly. “Both”⼀词⼀语双关，既指拿破仑和这位⼠兵都是疯⼦，⼜指这位战⼠参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here \"arms\" has two meanings: a person's body;weapons carried by a soldier.)/ Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, or I am,” he declared. “Both，sir!” cried theSwede proudly. “Both”⼀词⼀语双关，既指拿破仑和这位⼠兵都是疯⼦，⼜指这位战⼠参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役

Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words

for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually theinitial consonant sound, it is also called \"front rhyme\". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow

followed free. 头韵法（alliteration）在⽂句中有两个以上连结在⼀起的词或词组，其开头的⾳节有同样的字母或声⾳，以增强语⾔的节奏感。

押韵(rhyme)，A?rhyme?is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in??and?.?

赘述(tautology)A??tautology can also be defined as a series of statements that comprise an argument, whereby the

statements are constructed in such a way that the truth of the proposition is guaranteed or that the truth of the propositioncannot be disputed by defining a term in terms of another self-referentially.13.单词的定义：

A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form;with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capableof performing a given syntactic function.14.root stem base 的区别

Root:\"A root is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is that part ofa word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A

root is the basic part always present in a lexeme.\"( . desire is the root in the word undesirable , -able is the suffix, un- is theprefix )

Stem:Bauer defines \"stem\" as \"A stem is of concern only when dealing withinflecti onal morphology…. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added

to it: it is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.\" . in the word undesirable,the stem is undesirable; in theword desired, the stem is desire.)

Base:Base may be defined as \" a form to which a rule of word-formation isapplied \".This means that any root or stem can be termed a base .15.搞清四个术语 terminology，neologism， morphology， etymology

Etymology: The study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Neologism: New words or new meanings for established words)Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms.

Terminology: 术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine:16.？根据什么来猜单词的意思，⼀句话中来猜斜体单词的意义？

From the context, guessing meaning of a word. 到时根据具体题⽬猜单词。

本族语词汇的特征？ The typical feature of most native words in Modern English is monosyllabic (having only one syllable) .The fundamental features of the basic word stock:1.National character2.stability

3.word-formation ability4.Ability to from colletction17.词素变体？Allomorphs

1) An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned byposition or adjoining sounds;

2) The allomophs such as -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sounddepending on the final phoneme of

the preceding verbs .

3) Allomorphs may occur among the positional variants of the same suffix, like -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation ,they may also occur among prefixes. Their forms then depends on the first letter of the verb to whichthey will be added, for example, im occurring before p,b,or m . imperfect, Imbalance, immobile);Native words: 9 most frequently used : you, and, it, will, have, to, be, of, the 18.功能词和实词(p17-18)Function wards:

1.often short words such as: determiners, conjunction, prepositions, auxiliaries,and so forth

2.have no much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning, theyserve grammatically more than any words-grammatical meaning

3.number: relatively small and permanent set of words compared with contentwords (154 total number)

4.closed lists: closed in the sense that they cannot be extended by thecreation of new words.5.high frequency of occurrenceContent words :

1.used to name objects, qualities, actions, process or states(they’ re nouns,main verbs, adjectives, and adverb of a language)2.have independent lexical meaning.3.number: large (one million-154)

4.Open lists: the list is open in the sense that it’s indefinitely extendible5.low frequency of occurrence compared with function words19.搞清绝对同⾳同形词和多义词的区别？

Perfect homonyms refer to the words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning (see the examples on p. 115and ) .(it exists in two words thoughtheir spelling and sounds are identical)

The word polysemy is of Greek origin. It has been defined as \"...A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical itemwhich has a range of different meanings.\" (it’s the one word which has a range of different meanings)⼆、填空题 20分 15题1.语境的分类(同选择题第五题)

2.century 这本词典是什么样的词典？（）

The first encyclopedic dictionary in the . 百科全书类词典3.任意性和规约性

Arbitrary: there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense. Conventional: there is no way to explain whythis or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to useone to designate the other.4.多义的两个过程

1.Radiation2.concatenation5.词汇意义和语法意义

Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigmLexical meaning can be subdivided into four types:1) Denotative meaning;2) Connotative meaning;3) Social meaning;4) Affective meaning

6.root stem base 的区别(同选择题14)7.?分析单词定义的⽅法？8.同⾳同形的分类

English homonyms can be classified into:1) Perfect homonyms;2) Homophones;3) Homographs.

9.同⾳同形词四个起源？（）1.Phonetic convergence2.Semantic convergence3.Foreign influence4.Shortening10.歧义（定义）

Ambiguities refers to a phenomenon that a word, a phrase, sentence or group of sentences may have more than onepossible interpretation or meaning.

Type: lexical ambiguity; grammatical ambiguity11.语法意义分类？

Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm12.美国英语所独有，起源于美国英语的单词短语⽤法叫做？

Americanisms, which means “a word, a phrase, or usage originating in or peculiar to American English”13.verbal traffic

Social cause of changes in word meaning

Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic (or shift) between common words and various words isreferred to as social cause of semantic change. As a result of this constant verbal traffic between common words andtechnical words, some technical words have lost their specialized meanings and have come to be used in more generalsenses. Among the numerous new words connected with electricity, physical, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, etc..The reverse process, in which a popular word is given a special meaning in a specialized vocabulary, is just as common.14.披着⽺⽪的狼来源于

Wolf in sheep’s clothing comes from the Bible.15.同义词的分类？

There are two kinds of synonyms in English

They are : 1) Complete synonyms; 2) Relative synonyms.三、连线题（意义关系，语境类型，词义发展的四个趋势）

Fond(elevation of meaning; amelioration , word-formation&word-building（synonym）, page &page (Perfect homonyms ,starve(restriction of meaning; specialization), living and alive（relative synonym in collocation and distribution ）,

holiday(extension of meaning; generalization), silly（degeneration of meaning；pejoration）, color and red（hyponymy）,nice ball（foreign influence）, visiting aunts can be boring (structural ambiguity arising from the grammatical analysis ofa sentence or a phrase四、正误判断 10 题 10分

五、简答题：同义词的⽂体特征 5分

synonymy may be similar in denotative meaning but differ in connotative,stylistic or affective :a word having the samemeaning as another word:as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the sameessential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation,application,or idiomatic use. Synonyms have various kinds ofstylistic layers. There are many words which refer to the same thing but belong to different stylistic layers: neutral (common),colloquial, literary, slang, vulgar, scientific and technical, and so on.

Language is like a dress. We vary our dress to suit the occasion. So is the synonym.六、图形题 10分